LESOTHO
Date of establishment: October 4, 1966
Brief history:
Pre-19th Century: The area now known as Lesotho was originally inhabited by various Bantu-speaking peoples. In the early 19th century, the region experienced significant turmoil during the Mfecane, a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic groups in southern Africa.
1820s-1830s: The Basotho nation was formed under the leadership of King Moshoeshoe I, who united various groups to defend against attacks from neighboring ethnic groups and European settlers. He established his stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, a mountain fortress that became the center of the Basotho kingdom.
1840s-1850s: King Moshoeshoe I engaged in diplomacy and conflict with the Boers from the Orange Free State and British colonial forces. He skillfully negotiated to protect his people and territory.
1868: After enduring several conflicts, including wars with the Orange Free State and pressures from British colonial expansion, King Moshoeshoe I signed a treaty with Britain, making the kingdom a British protectorate known as Basutoland. This move was aimed at preserving Basotho independence from Boer encroachment.
1910: Basutoland remained a British protectorate even as the Union of South Africa was formed. The Basotho resisted inclusion in the Union, maintaining their distinct identity and governance under British rule.
1966: Lesotho gained independence from Britain on 4 October 1966, becoming the Kingdom of Lesotho. King Moshoeshoe II became the first monarch of the newly independent state, although real political power was held by Prime Minister Chief Leabua Jonathan.
1970: Following a disputed election, Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan declared a state of emergency, suspended the constitution, and deposed King Moshoeshoe II, assuming full control of the government. The country experienced a period of military and authoritarian rule.
1986: A military coup, supported by South Africa, ousted Leabua Jonathan, and King Moshoeshoe II was reinstated as a ceremonial monarch. However, internal political tensions continued.
1990: King Moshoeshoe II was forced into exile, and his son, Letsie III, was installed as king. However, Moshoeshoe II returned in 1992 and was restored as king, only to die in a car accident in 1996. Letsie III then resumed the throne.
1993: Lesotho adopted a new democratic constitution, and the first democratic elections were held, marking the beginning of a transition to democracy. This period saw efforts to stabilize the political situation, although the country continued to experience political crises, including tensions between the monarchy and the government.
1998: Lesotho faced a serious political crisis following disputed election results, leading to a military intervention by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to restore order.
2000s-2010s: The political landscape in Lesotho remained volatile, with frequent changes in government, coalition politics, and disputes among political leaders. Despite these challenges, Lesotho has continued to uphold its democratic processes, holding regular elections and working towards political stability.
Recent Developments: In recent years, Lesotho has faced ongoing political instability, including multiple election cycles that have resulted in political crises and changes in government. Efforts to strengthen democratic institutions and address issues such as corruption and poverty continue to be important for the country’s future.
International abbreviation: LS
Currency: Lesotho loti LSL
The currency of Lesotho is the loti (plural: maloti), abbreviated as LSL. Lesotho is part of the Common Monetary Area (CMA), which also includes South Africa, Namibia, and Eswatini. Within this arrangement, the South African rand (ZAR) is not only officially recognized in Lesotho but also freely circulates alongside the loti. This means that both the loti and the rand are accepted for most transactions in Lesotho, and the exchange rate between the two currencies is fixed at 1:1.
Lesotho issues its own coins and banknotes in various denominations. The coins are available in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 lisente (cent), and 1, 2, and 5 maloti. The banknotes are issued in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 maloti. While the loti is widely used for everyday transactions within Lesotho, the South African rand is often preferred for larger transactions, international trade, and by tourists, especially in areas close to the South African border.
Internet domain: .ls
Dialing code: +266
Time zone: GMT +2
Geography:
Lesotho is renowned for its mountainous terrain, and it is often referred to as the “Kingdom in the Sky” due to its high elevation. Most of the country is situated at altitudes above 1,400 meters (4,593 feet) above sea level, making it the only nation in the world where its entire land area lies above 1,000 meters (3,281 feet). The main mountain range in Lesotho is the Maloti Mountains, which extend across the central and eastern parts of the country, not just along the western border. These mountains are part of the larger Drakensberg-Maloti range that continues into South Africa.
Lesotho is home to several peaks that exceed 3,000 meters (9,843 feet) in elevation, making them some of the highest in southern Africa. The highest point in Lesotho, and indeed in southern Africa, is Thabana Ntlenyana.
Lesotho is also rich in rivers, which are essential for its water supply and hydropower generation. The Senqu River, known as the Orange River once it flows into South Africa, is the longest river in Lesotho and a critical water source for the region. Other important rivers include the Malibamatšo and Caledon rivers.
Regarding lakes, it’s more accurate to refer to reservoirs rather than natural lakes. Lesotho is home to major reservoirs created by large dam projects, which are central to the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. The Katse Dam and Mohale Dam are two of the most significant reservoirs. These dams are not only key sources of water for South Africa but also crucial for hydropower generation within Lesotho.
Maletsunyane Falls is one of the highest single-drop waterfalls in southern Africa, with a drop of 192 meters (630 feet). It is located near the town of Semonkong and is a popular tourist attraction, known for its breathtaking scenery.
Highest peak: Thabana Ntlenyana 3 482 m a.s.l. (11 424 feet above sea level)
This peak is the highest point not only in Lesotho, but also in the entire region of southern Africa. Thabana Ntlenyana is located in the Maloti Mountains.
Climate:
Lesotho has a temperate mountain climate, largely influenced by its high altitude, with significant temperature variations between seasons and between day and night. Most of the country lies above 1,400 meters (4,593 feet) in elevation, which significantly impacts its climate.
Winters in Lesotho (June to August) are cold and dry, with temperatures often dropping below freezing at night, especially in the higher altitudes. Daytime temperatures during winter typically range from 5°C to 15°C (41°F to 59°F), but nighttime temperatures can drop to -7°C to -10°C (19°F to 14°F) or even lower in the highlands. Snowfall is common in the mountains, particularly in the Maloti range, making Lesotho one of the few African countries to regularly experience snow.
Summers (December to February) are warmer but still relatively mild compared to many other regions in Africa. Average daytime temperatures during summer range from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F), with cooler temperatures at night. The lower areas, such as the lowlands in the western part of the country, can experience slightly warmer temperatures, while the highlands remain cooler.
Lesotho receives most of its rainfall during the summer months, particularly between October and April. This period is characterized by afternoon thunderstorms and occasional heavy downpours. The total annual precipitation varies, ranging from 600 mm to 1,200 mm (23.6 to 47.2 inches) depending on the region, with the highlands receiving more rainfall than the lowlands. However, Lesotho’s rainfall can be erratic, and droughts are not uncommon, which can affect agriculture and water availability.
The climate’s variability and the country’s dependence on rain-fed agriculture mean that droughts can have a significant impact on food security and water resources. Lesotho’s cool temperatures, particularly at higher elevations, mean that it does not experience the extreme heat common in other parts of southern Africa.
Fauna and flora:
Lesotho is indeed home to a diverse range of bird species, particularly in its mountainous regions and grasslands. Commonly observed birds include eagles, buzzards, bearded vultures (lammergeiers), and crows, among others. The Drakensberg rockjumper and Drakensberg siskin are two notable species endemic to the Lesotho highlands, making the region a significant area for birdwatching.
Regarding mammals, Lesotho’s high-altitude environment supports a more limited range of species compared to lower-lying regions of southern Africa. Native mammals include the rock hyrax, various species of antelope such as the grey rhebok and mountain reedbuck, and some species of small rodents.
Livestock such as sheep and goats (including the Angora goat, which is important for mohair production) are common in Lesotho, particularly at higher altitudes where they graze on mountain pastures. Alpacas are not native to Lesotho but have been introduced in some areas for their wool, similar to the Angora goats.
Lesotho’s rivers and reservoirs, such as those formed by the Katse and Mohale Dams, are stocked with fish species, including trout (introduced), which support a small fishing industry and contribute to the local diet.
The flora of Lesotho is unique, with several endemic plant species, especially in its mountainous regions. The spiral aloe (Aloe polyphylla) is one of the most famous endemic plants and is a symbol of the country. This succulent plant is well adapted to the rocky terrain and cool temperatures of the Lesotho highlands.
Lesotho’s vegetation is predominantly grassland, particularly montane grasslands, which are adapted to the high altitude and harsh climatic conditions. The country also features unique mountain vegetation, including various grasses, shrubs, and hardy flowers that bloom during the warmer months.
Agriculture:
Agriculture in Lesotho is a crucial sector for the country’s economy and the livelihood of many of its residents, although it faces significant challenges due to the mountainous terrain, high altitude, and often unpredictable climate.
Crop production in Lesotho mainly involves the cultivation of grains such as maize (corn) and sorghum, which are the primary staples of the local diet. Wheat and barley are also grown, particularly in the cooler highland areas. Potatoes and other root crops like beets are common, as well as legumes such as beans and peas. These crops are generally cultivated on small-scale farms using traditional farming methods. However, agricultural productivity is often low due to factors such as soil erosion, erratic rainfall, and limited access to modern farming inputs.
Pastoralism plays a central role in Lesotho’s agricultural sector. Many rural households engage in livestock rearing, particularly of sheep, goats, and cattle. The Angora goat is particularly significant, as it produces mohair, a valuable fiber that is an important export product for the country. Sheep’s wool is another key product, supporting the textiles industry both domestically and for export.
Livestock are well-adapted to Lesotho’s high-altitude, cold environment, and they graze on the natural grasslands that cover much of the country’s terrain. Cattle are also raised, primarily for milk, meat, and as a source of manure for fertilizing crops.
Extraction of natural resources:
Lesotho is indeed known for its diamond mining, which is a significant contributor to the country’s economy, though on a smaller scale compared to major diamond producers like South Africa and Botswana. The Letseng Diamond Mine is one of the most notable diamond mines in the world, particularly famous for producing some of the largest and highest-quality diamonds, including rare types such as Type IIa diamonds, which are often colorless, and occasionally blue diamonds. The mine has produced several of the world’s largest diamonds by carat weight, making it an important site for the global diamond industry.
In addition to Letseng, there are other diamond mines in Lesotho, such as the Liqhobong Mine and the Mothae Mine, which also contribute to the country’s diamond production. Diamond mining is a key source of revenue for Lesotho, generating significant foreign exchange and employment.
Industry:
The textiles industry is one of the most important industries in Lesotho, particularly in terms of employment and export revenue. The country is home to several factories, many of which are foreign-owned, which produce clothing and textile materials primarily for export markets. Lesotho is a significant exporter of garments to the United States under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and also exports to South Africa and other markets. The industry is a key source of employment, particularly for women, and plays a crucial role in the country’s economy.
Regarding the food industry, while Lesotho does engage in the processing of agricultural products, the scale is relatively small compared to other sectors. The food industry primarily involves the processing of grains, dairy products, and meat, but this is mostly for local consumption rather than large-scale export. Lesotho’s agricultural sector faces challenges due to its mountainous terrain and variable climate, which limits the scope of food processing industries.
Lesotho does have significant potential for hydropower generation. The Orange River, referred to locally as the Senqu River, along with its tributaries, provides the necessary water resources for hydropower. The Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) is a major infrastructure project that harnesses this potential. The project involves the construction of large dams such as the Katse Dam and Mohale Dam, which not only supply water to South Africa but also generate hydroelectric power.
The ‘Muela Hydropower Station, part of the LHWP, is the main source of hydroelectric power in Lesotho. The electricity generated is used domestically and any surplus is exported to South Africa, contributing to the country’s income. However, the primary focus of the LHWP is water export rather than electricity export; the sale of water to South Africa is a significant revenue stream for Lesotho.
Services and other areas of the economy: services and tourism
Natural and historical attractions: Drakensberg Mountains, Maseru Town, Bokong Reserve, Semonkong and Maletsunyane Falls.
Lesotho is a country rich in natural beauty and cultural heritage, attracting tourists primarily for its stunning mountain landscapes and unique cultural experiences.
The Maloti Mountains are the main draw for tourists, offering spectacular scenery and opportunities for outdoor activities such as trekking, hiking, and climbing. The highest peak in Lesotho, Thabana Ntlenyana, stands at 3,482 meters (11,423 feet) and is the highest point in southern Africa, making it a popular destination for hikers and climbers seeking a challenging yet rewarding experience. The mountainous terrain is also ideal for mountain biking, with various routes that provide both challenging rides and breathtaking views.
Lesotho’s unique cultural heritage is another attraction for visitors. Tourists can explore traditional Basotho villages, where they can learn about the local way of life, customs, and traditions. Visitors often have the opportunity to experience traditional Basotho dances, listen to Sotho music, and observe or purchase handicrafts such as the iconic Basotho blankets and mokorotlo (Basotho hats). These cultural experiences offer a deep insight into the Basotho people’s history and way of life.
Lesotho is also home to several national parks and nature reserves, which protect its natural environment and biodiversity. Sehlabathebe National Park, located in the remote southeastern part of the country, is part of the larger Maloti-Drakensberg Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that spans the border between Lesotho and South Africa. Sehlabathebe is known for its dramatic landscapes, including high-altitude grasslands, rocky outcrops, and wetlands, as well as its rich birdlife and unique plant species.
Another significant protected area is Ts’ehlanyane National Park, located in the northern part of Lesotho. This park is known for its pristine mountain wilderness, indigenous forests, and clear streams. It is a popular destination for hiking, birdwatching, and exploring the natural beauty of Lesotho’s highlands.
In addition to these parks, Lesotho also features the Bokong Nature Reserve, which offers stunning views of the Maletsunyane Falls, one of the highest single-drop waterfalls in Africa. The falls, located near the town of Semonkong, are a must-see attraction for visitors interested in Lesotho’s natural wonders.
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Form of government: constitutional monarchy
Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. The monarch, currently King Letsie III, holds the position of head of state but primarily fulfills ceremonial duties, as his powers are limited by the constitution. Executive power in Lesotho is vested in the government, which is headed by the prime minister. The prime minister is appointed by the king, based on the results of parliamentary elections, and is responsible for managing the government and state affairs. The prime minister leads the cabinet, which consists of ministers in charge of various government departments.
Lesotho’s parliament is bicameral, meaning it has two chambers: the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly is the lower house, consisting of 120 members who are elected by universal suffrage. Of these, 80 members are elected directly from single-member constituencies, while the remaining 40 seats are filled through proportional representation. The National Assembly holds significant legislative authority, including the power to pass laws, approve the national budget, and oversee the executive branch.
The Senate, the upper house of parliament, is composed of 33 members. Twenty-two of these members are hereditary chiefs who hold their seats by virtue of their traditional leadership roles. The other 11 members are appointed by the king on the advice of the prime minister. The Senate’s primary role is to review legislation passed by the National Assembly, although it does not have the same legislative power as the lower house.
Lesotho’s judiciary is independent and operates within the framework established by the constitution. The Supreme Court serves as the highest court for civil and criminal cases and has the authority to interpret the constitution. The judicial system also includes the Court of Appeal, the High Court, and various Magistrates’ Courts, each with its own level of jurisdiction.
Capital city: Maseru
The city of Maseru, the capital and largest city of Lesotho, is located near the Caledon River, close to the border with the Republic of South Africa. The history of Maseru dates back to the period when Lesotho, then known as Basutoland, came under British protection in 1868, following conflicts with the Boers. It was officially founded in 1869 as the administrative capital of Basutoland by the British colonial administration after Lesotho became a British protectorate. The name “Maseru” is derived from the Sesotho word “maseru,” meaning “red sandstones,” which refers to the red sandstone hills that characterize the area.
Maseru played a pivotal role during the colonial period as the seat of the colonial government and has since grown into the political and economic hub of Lesotho. The city has expanded significantly over the years and now serves as the primary center for commerce, education, and culture in the country.
Key sites in Maseru include the Royal Palace, which is the official residence of the King of Lesotho, and Parliament House, where the National Assembly and Senate meet. Mokorotlo, a traditional Basotho hat-shaped building, is a cultural monument that symbolizes the heritage of Lesotho. The National Museum in Maseru offers insights into the history and culture of the Basotho people.
The city has a population of about 470 000.
Area: 30 355 km2 (11 720 square miles)
Population: 2 306 000 (2022 estimate)
The majority of the population of Lesotho belongs to the Basotho (also known as Sotho), a Bantu ethnic group that is culturally and linguistically homogeneous. The Basotho people make up the vast majority of the country’s population. The official language of Lesotho is Sesotho, also known as Southern Sotho. It is widely spoken throughout the country and serves as the primary language of communication in daily life. English is also an official language in Lesotho and is commonly used in government administration, the legal system, and education.
The religious composition of Lesotho is predominantly Christian, with the majority of the population adhering to various denominations of Christianity, including Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Evangelicalism. Traditional African religions are still practiced by some, particularly in rural areas, where traditional beliefs and practices often coexist with Christian faith.
Lesotho faces significant health challenges, including a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, which has had a profound impact on the population. Other health issues include tuberculosis, malnutrition, and maternal and child health concerns. The government of Lesotho, in collaboration with international organizations, is actively implementing programs to improve healthcare access, strengthen the healthcare system, and prevent the spread of diseases. Efforts include widespread HIV testing and treatment programs, vaccination campaigns, and initiatives to improve water and sanitation, particularly in rural areas.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites:1
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- Maloti Drakensberg Park (2000) – The Drakensberg Park includes many caves and overhangs where you can find rock paintings created by the San people over 4000 years ago.
National parks: 2
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- Sehlabathebe National Park
- Ts’ehlanyane National Park
