MAURITANIA
Date of establishment: November 28, 1960
Brief history:
Precolonial Period: The territory that is now Mauritania has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Various Berber groups dominated the region during the early centuries CE, with the Almoravid Empire (11th century) being one of the most significant early Islamic states in the area. The region was also part of the larger trans-Saharan trade routes, linking sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa and the Mediterranean. This trade fostered the spread of Islam, which became deeply rooted in Mauritanian society.
Colonial Period (1904–1960): Mauritania was colonized by France in 1904 and became part of French West Africa. The French established control over the region through military conquest and treaties with local rulers. Mauritania was largely overlooked by the French colonial administration due to its harsh desert environment and limited economic potential. However, it did serve as a base for French military operations and as a source of labor, though mineral extraction became significant only after independence.
Independence (1960): Mauritania declared independence from France on November 28, 1960. Moktar Ould Daddah became the country’s first president and pursued a policy of centralized authority, emphasizing national unity among the diverse ethnic groups in the country. His government was a one-party state under the Parti du Peuple Mauritanien (PPM).
Conflict with Morocco (1975–1979): Following the Spanish withdrawal from Western Sahara in 1975, Mauritania and Morocco both claimed parts of the territory. Mauritania occupied the southern third of Western Sahara, but the cost of the war against the Polisario Front, which sought independence for Western Sahara, strained Mauritania’s resources. In 1979, Mauritania withdrew from Western Sahara and renounced its territorial claims, leading to an internal coup that deposed Ould Daddah.
Regional Conflicts: Mauritania has been involved in various regional disputes, including a significant conflict with Senegal in 1989-1991. This conflict, known as the Mauritania-Senegal Border War, was sparked by ethnic tensions and disputes over grazing and land use along the Falémé River. The conflict led to the expulsion and displacement of tens of thousands of black Mauritanians and Senegalese from both countries.
Military Coups (1978–2005): The post-independence period in Mauritania was marked by political instability, including a series of military coups. The first coup in 1978 ousted President Moktar Ould Daddah, and subsequent coups in 1984 and 2005 further destabilized the country. These coups often reflected tensions between different factions within the military and political elites.
Democratic Development (2007–present): Mauritania made strides towards democratization beginning in the late 2000s. In 2007, Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi was elected president in what was considered the first relatively free and fair election in the country’s history. However, in 2008, a military coup led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ousted Abdallahi. Abdel Aziz was later elected president in 2009 and 2014, although these elections were criticized for irregularities. The first peaceful transfer of power occurred in 2019 when Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, a close ally of Abdel Aziz, was elected president.
Present Day: Mauritania is a republic with a presidential system and holds regular elections. While the country has made progress in terms of political stability, it still faces significant challenges, including poverty, human rights issues, and managing its vast desert territory. The government continues to deal with the legacy of historical slavery, ethnic tensions, and regional security concerns, particularly related to instability in the Sahel region.
International abbreviation: MR
Currency: Mauritanian ouguiya (MRU)
The currency of Mauritania is the ouguiya, represented by the sign UM. The ouguiya is distinctive because it is one of only two currencies worldwide that is not divided into units of ten. Instead, it is theoretically divided into 5 khoums, although the khoums are no longer used in everyday transactions.
The name “ouguiya” comes from the ugiyya, a historical measure of weight used for gold and other precious materials in the Sahara region. The ouguiya was introduced in 1973, replacing the CFA franc, which had been used during the French colonial period.
As for its denominations, Mauritania currently circulates coins in values of 1 ouguiya, 5 ouguiyas, 10 ouguiyas, and 20 ouguiyas. The older khoums coins, which represented 1/5 of an ouguiya, are no longer in circulation. Banknotes are available in denominations of 50 ouguiyas, 100 ouguiyas, 200 ouguiyas, 500 ouguiyas, and 1,000 ouguiyas. These notes were introduced in 2018 when Mauritania redenominated its currency, with 1 new ouguiya (MRU) equal to 10 old ouguiyas (MRO).
Internet domain: .mr
Dialing code: +222
Time zone: GMT 0
Geography:
Mauritania is predominantly covered by the Sahara Desert, which extends across most of the northern and central regions of the country. The desert landscape varies, featuring vast expanses of sand dunes, known as erg, as well as rocky plateaus and mountainous regions. The Adrar and Tagant plateaus are notable geographic features within the desert, with elevations that provide some variation in the otherwise flat terrain.
In the southern part of Mauritania, the landscape transitions into the Sahel, a semi-arid region characterized by steppes and savannahs. This area, while still subject to desertification, has more vegetation compared to the arid north and serves as crucial pastureland for livestock. The vegetation here supports cattle, sheep, and goats, forming an essential part of the local economy and lifestyle.
Mauritania’s Atlantic coast stretches approximately 754 kilometers and is characterized by sandy beaches, coastal dunes, and the Banc d’Arguin, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Banc d’Arguin is a crucial breeding ground for migratory birds and has rich marine biodiversity. The coastal waters are some of the most productive fishing grounds in the world, making fishing a significant component of Mauritania’s economy.
The Senegal River is the most important river in Mauritania, forming the southern border with Senegal. It is a vital source of water for agriculture, especially in the fertile floodplains that support irrigated farming. This region is crucial for the production of crops such as rice and is central to the country’s food security.
Additionally, Mauritania has several salt flats and seasonal lakes, known as gueltas. These include the Sebkha de Ndrhamcha and the Aoukar basin, which are remnants of ancient lakes. These areas are ecologically significant, providing habitats for various species and supporting local biodiversity. The salt flats, in particular, have historically been important for salt extraction, a key trade commodity in the region.
Highest peak: Kediet ej Jill 915 m a.s.l. (3 002 feet above sea level)
The mountain is located in the Tiris Zemmour region in the northeast of the country, near the town of Zouérat. Kediet ej Jill is a very distinctive geographical location in an area that is otherwise mostly desert.
Climate:
Mauritania predominantly experiences a desert climate, characterized by extremely high temperatures and minimal rainfall. In much of the country, particularly in the northern and central regions, average daytime temperatures during the summer months (June to September) can reach up to 45°C (113°F), especially in the interior desert areas. In winter (December to February), temperatures decrease, but still remain relatively warm, averaging around 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) during the day, though nights can be significantly cooler, sometimes dropping below 10°C (50°F).
The country receives very low rainfall, most of which is concentrated in a short rainy season during the summer, typically from July to September. Annual rainfall varies greatly across the country, with the northern desert regions receiving less than 100 mm (4 inches) of rain per year, while the southern regions, particularly along the Senegal River, can receive up to 600 mm (24 inches) annually.
Strong winds are a common feature of Mauritania’s climate, especially during the dry season. The harmattan, a dry and dusty trade wind from the Sahara, blows across the country from late November to March. This wind can significantly reduce visibility, lead to sandstorms, and make living conditions harsh.
In the southern parts of Mauritania, particularly in the oases and river valleys, the climate is somewhat milder, and these areas receive more rainfall compared to the arid north. These regions support vegetation and agricultural activities, particularly along the Senegal River Valley, which is the most fertile part of the country.
The Atlantic coast of Mauritania is relatively dry, with most of the region receiving less than 200 mm (8 inches) of rainfall annually. However, the coastal climate is moderated by the Canary Current, leading to cooler temperatures compared to the interior. The coastal climate, though dry, is more humid and less extreme in temperature, making it suitable for fishing, which is a major economic activity.
Fauna and flora:
In the southern part of Mauritania, the Nile crocodile can still be found in some of the isolated pockets of water in the Sahel region, particularly in the southernmost parts of the country, such as along the Senegal River and in a few other remote areas. However, these populations are limited due to habitat loss and the arid climate.
Mauritania is a crucial migration corridor for birds, particularly along its Atlantic coast, which includes the Banc d’Arguin National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. This park is one of the most important breeding grounds for migratory birds in the world. Species such as pelicans, ibises, flamingos, terns, and various birds of prey, including eagles and falcons, are common here. The wetland and coastal regions of Mauritania serve as a wintering ground for numerous species of European migratory birds.
The African golden wolf, is found in Mauritania, particularly in desert and semi-desert areas. This species, which was previously thought to be a type of jackal, is a small to medium-sized canid that has adapted to the harsh desert environment.
Acacia trees are typical of Mauritania’s desert and savannah regions. These drought-tolerant trees play a crucial role in the ecosystem, providing shade, food, and habitat for various animal species. They also help prevent soil erosion in these arid environments.
A characteristic plant of Mauritania’s deserts is the Calotropis procera, also known as the “apple of Sodom,” which is a hardy plant often found in arid and semi-arid regions. This plant is used by local communities for traditional medicine and other purposes.
In the oases and river valleys of southern Mauritania, particularly in regions like the Adrar and along the Senegal River, date palms are prominent. These trees are vital for the survival of the local communities, providing dates as a food source, as well as materials for building and crafts. Other trees found in these more fertile regions include the doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica) and various species of figs and acacias that thrive in the slightly wetter microclimates of the oases.
Agriculture:
In Mauritania, agriculture is largely concentrated in the southern regions of the country, particularly along the Senegal River Valley and in certain oases. The primary crops grown include millet, sorghum, and rice, which are staple foods in the Mauritanian diet. Rice is particularly significant and is primarily cultivated in the fertile floodplains of the Senegal River. Maize and pulses are also grown, but to a lesser extent.
In the oases and valleys, particularly in regions like Adrar and Tagant, fruits such as dates are a crucial agricultural product. Dates are one of the most important crops in these areas, both for local consumption and for trade. Other fruits like figs and pomegranates are grown but are less common and typically found in specific, favorable microclimates within oases.
Pastoralism is a central component of Mauritanian agriculture. In the savanna and steppe areas, especially in the southern and central regions, farmers raise livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, and camels. This practice is essential for the livelihood of many Mauritanians, as it provides meat, milk, and other products that are vital to both local consumption and trade.
Mauritania’s coastal areas are rich in fish, making fishing a critical sector of the economy. The country’s coastal waters, particularly along the Atlantic, are some of the most productive fishing grounds in the world. Fishing is not only crucial for local communities but also for the national economy, as it represents one of Mauritania’s main sources of revenue. Mauritania has entered into agreements with various countries, particularly from the European Union, allowing foreign fishing vessels to operate in its waters. These agreements are significant but have also raised concerns about overfishing and the sustainability of marine resources.
Extraction of natural resources:
Mauritania is rich in natural resources, particularly iron ore, which is a cornerstone of its economy. The country is one of the world’s leading producers of iron ore, with significant mining operations centered in the Zouérat region. The iron ore mined in this area, particularly from the massive Guelb el Rhein and Kedia d’Idjill mines, is transported by the Mauritania Railway, one of the longest trains in the world, to the port of Nouadhibou. From there, it is exported to international markets, making iron ore a key export for Mauritania.
In addition to iron ore, Mauritania has notable copper deposits, primarily located in the Akjoujt region. The Guelb Moghrein mine near Akjoujt is one of the country’s significant copper producers. This mine also produces some gold as a byproduct, which adds to its economic importance.
Mauritania also possesses considerable gold reserves, with mining activities spread across different parts of the country. The most prominent gold mining operation is the Tasiast mine, located approximately 300 kilometers north of the capital, Nouakchott. The Tasiast mine is one of the largest gold mines in Africa and is operated by the Canadian company Kinross. Gold mining in Mauritania is primarily conducted through open-pit methods, though there are also small-scale artisanal mining operations across the country.
The country has other valuable mineral resources, including gypsum, phosphate, and potentially significant offshore oil and natural gas reserves. The Chinguetti oil field, discovered offshore, was Mauritania’s first oil project, although production has declined significantly in recent years. However, exploration continues, particularly for offshore gas in partnership with international companies.
Industry:
The energy sector is a crucial part of Mauritania’s economy, particularly the extraction and export of natural resources such as iron ore, gold, and copper. In recent years, Mauritania has been working to develop its renewable energy resources, with a strong focus on solar and wind power due to the country’s favorable climatic conditions. The government has set ambitious targets to increase the share of renewables in its energy mix, with significant investments in solar and wind projects. Notably, the country has already developed large-scale solar power plants, such as the Nouakchott solar power station, and wind farms like the one in Nouadhibou.
The country’s hydrocarbon sector is relatively small, and its oil production, primarily from the offshore Chinguetti oil field, has been declining in recent years. There is ongoing exploration, particularly for natural gas, with the development of offshore gas fields in partnership with international companies. The Greater Tortue Ahmeyim (GTA) gas project, located on the maritime border between Mauritania and Senegal, is one of the most promising developments, expected to significantly boost Mauritania’s role in the global energy market.
The construction industry in Mauritania has seen growth, particularly due to the development of infrastructure related to the mining sector. As the country continues to expand its mining operations, the demand for infrastructure such as roads, railways, and port facilities has driven activity in the construction sector. Additionally, urbanization and population growth have contributed to increased construction activities, particularly in the capital, Nouakchott, and other major cities.
Services and other areas of the economy: –
Natural and historical attractions: the desert railway, Sahara and oases, Banc d’Arguin National Park, and the cities of Ouadane, Tichit, and Nouakchott
Mauritania is renowned for its vast desert landscapes, particularly the Sahara Desert, which covers much of the country. Tourists are drawn to these arid regions to explore the expansive sand dunes, rocky plateaus, and experience authentic desert life, often through guided camel treks and stays in traditional nomadic camps. The Adrar region, with its dramatic desert scenery and ancient caravan towns, is a highlight for many visitors.
The country boasts a rich cultural heritage that is deeply rooted in its traditional customs and practices. Mauritania’s music, dance, crafts, and traditional festivals offer a window into the vibrant cultural life of its diverse ethnic groups, including the Moorish, Wolof, and Fulani communities. Traditional music, particularly the Mauritanian griot songs, and the craftsmanship of items like silver jewelry and leather goods are particularly appreciated by tourists.
Mauritania is also home to several significant historical and archaeological sites, many of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The ancient city of Chinguetti, one of the oldest cities in West Africa, is famous for its medieval libraries containing ancient Islamic manuscripts and its well-preserved architecture. Chinguetti, along with Ouadane, Tichitt, and Oualata, is part of the “Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata” World Heritage Site. These ancient cities were once key centers of Islamic learning and commerce on the trans-Saharan trade routes.
In addition to its desert and cultural attractions, Mauritania’s Atlantic coast offers significant natural and marine attractions. The Banc d’Arguin National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is one of the most important breeding grounds for migratory birds and is also rich in marine life. The coastal waters of Mauritania are among the most productive fishing grounds in the world, making the area attractive to fishermen and marine enthusiasts. Activities such as bird watching, fishing, and exploring the coastal landscapes are popular among visitors.
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Form of government: semi-presidential republic
Mauritania operates under a semi-presidential system of government, where executive authority is shared between the president and the prime minister. The president, who is the head of state, wields significant executive power, including the role of commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and can be re-elected.
The prime minister, appointed by the president, is the head of government and is responsible for overseeing the implementation of government policies and managing the day-to-day affairs of the government. The prime minister leads the Council of Ministers, although the president retains substantial influence over the executive branch.
Mauritania’s parliament is unicameral. Tthe Senate was abolished following a constitutional referendum in 2017, making the National Assembly the sole legislative body. The National Assembly has 157 members, who are elected for a five-year term. The National Assembly has significant powers in legislation, budget approval, and oversight of the executive branch. It plays a crucial role in passing laws and holding the government accountable.
Mauritania’s judicial system is officially independent, though it has faced challenges related to political influence and capacity. The highest judicial authority in the country is the Supreme Court, which oversees the judiciary and serves as the final court of appeal. Additionally, there is the Constitutional Council, which is responsible for interpreting the constitutionality of laws and electoral disputes.
Capital city: Nouakchott
Nouakchott, the capital and largest city of Mauritania, is situated on the southwestern Atlantic coast of the country, in a desert region at the edge of the Sahara. Its location gives it a strategic position as Mauritania’s main port and administrative center. Originally, Nouakchott was a small fishing village, but it was chosen in 1957 as the future capital due to its central location among the country’s diverse ethnic groups and its potential for development. When Mauritania gained independence in 1960, Nouakchott officially became the capital and has since grown rapidly into a modern city. Today, it serves as the economic, political, and cultural heart of the nation. The city features key sights such as the bustling Port de Pêche, the prominent Mosquée Saudique, and the National Museum of Mauritania, which offers insights into the country’s rich history and culture. Additionally, Nouakchott’s beaches along the Atlantic coast provide a peaceful retreat, while its large markets, such as Marché Capitale and Marché Ksar, reflect the vibrant local trade and diverse culture of the city.
The city has a population of about 1 552 000.
Area: 1 030 000 km2 (397 685 square miles)
Population: 4 736 000 (2022 estimate)
The population of Mauritania is diverse, comprising several ethnic groups with distinct cultural identities. The largest group is the Moors, who are divided into two main subgroups: the Bidhan (White Moors) and the Haratin (Black Moors). The Bidhan are primarily of Arab and Berber descent and have historically been associated with the ruling elite and nomadic pastoralism. The Haratin, who also speak Arabic, are of sub-Saharan African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples. Together, the Moors make up the majority of the population.
Other significant ethnic groups include the Fulani (known locally as Fulbe or Peul), the Tukulor, the Wolof, and the Soninke. The Fulani and Tukulor are primarily found in the southern regions of Mauritania, along the Senegal River, where they practice agriculture and animal husbandry. The Wolof, also concentrated in the south, are closely related to the Wolof people of Senegal. The Soninke, another significant ethnic group in the south, have a rich history as merchants and traders.
The official language of Mauritania is Arabic, specifically Modern Standard Arabic. However, Hassaniya Arabic, a local dialect, is widely spoken among the Moors and serves as a lingua franca in many parts of the country. French is also used, particularly in administration, education, and commerce, due to Mauritania’s colonial history as part of French West Africa. Given the country’s ethnic diversity, various African languages are spoken, including Pulaar (by the Fulani), Soninke, and Wolof. These languages are particularly prevalent in the southern regions and are recognized as national languages.
Islam is the dominant religion in Mauritania, and almost all Mauritanians are Sunni Muslims, following the Maliki school of jurisprudence. Islam plays a central role in the daily life of the population, influencing social norms, legal systems, and cultural practices. Religious leaders, or marabouts, hold significant influence in both religious and political matters.
Mauritania was one of the last countries in the world to officially abolish slavery, doing so in 1981. Despite this, issues related to unofficial slavery, forced labor, and discrimination persist, particularly affecting the Haratin and other marginalized groups. The government has taken steps to address these issues, but progress has been slow, and the legacy of slavery continues to impact Mauritanian society.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites: 2
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- Banc d’Arguin National Park (1989) – A national park on the Atlantic coast that includes sand dunes, coastal marshes, and coastal waters.
- Ancient Ksour of the villages of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt, and Oualata (1996) – 11th and 12th century towns that were trade and religious centers for caravans.
National parks: 2
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- Banc d’Arguin National Park
- Diawling National Park
