NIGER

Date of establishment: August 3, 1960

Brief history:

Early History: The area now known as Niger has been inhabited for thousands of years. The region saw the rise of several indigenous kingdoms and states over the centuries, influenced significantly by trans-Saharan trade routes.

Songhai Empire (15th to 16th centuries): One of the largest Islamic empires in history, it included parts of modern Niger and was known for its influential cultural and scholarly hub in Timbuktu. The empire declined due to Moroccan invasion and internal strife.

Hausa States (15th century onwards): Several Hausa states such as Gobir, Katsina, and Zinder flourished in what is now western Niger, engaging in trade and Islamic scholarship.

Late 19th Century: European exploration began in the region with several expeditions, notably by the French who gradually established control over the area.

1890s: The territory of what is now Niger became part of French West Africa.

1922: The colony of Niger was officially established with Niamey as its capital.

1958: Niger became an autonomous republic within the French Community following the approval of a new French constitution.

1960: On August 3, 1960, Niger declared independence from France and became an independent republic. Hamani Diori became the nation’s first president. Diori’s regime was characterized by a single-party system and relative political stability but faced economic challenges and social unrest due to drought and famine.

1974: President Diori was overthrown in a military coup. Colonel Seyni Kountché led the country until his death in 1987. This period was marked by authoritarian military rule with some efforts towards economic stabilization.

1991: The return to civilian rule began, when a National Conference led to a transitional government and the drafting of a new constitution. The first democratic elections under this new constitution occurred in 1993, resulting in the presidency of Mahamane Ousmane.

1996: A military coup in 1996 overthrew President Ousmane and brought Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara to power.

1999: Colonel Maïnassara was assassinated in April 1999, leading to a short period of military rule before new elections were held later that year, bringing Mamadou Tandja to power.

2010: President Tandja tried to extend his term and dissolved the Constitutional Court. He was overthrown by a military coup in 2010 after attempting to amend the constitution to extend his presidency.

2011: Presidential elections were held in early 2011, leading to the presidency of Mahamadou Issoufou.

2021 and beyond: Mohamed Bazoum was elected president in 2021 and took office on April 2, 2021. He was overthrown in a military coup and has since been kept prisoner in the presidential palace.

 

International abbreviation: NO

 

Currency: West African CFA franc (XOF)

The currency of Niger is the West African CFA franc (XOF), which is used by the eight countries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). This group includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo.

The CFA franc is available in various denominations. Coins are issued in values of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, and 500 francs, made from different materials like aluminum, stainless steel, and nickel-plated steel, each featuring designs that reflect West African culture and heritage. Banknotes are circulated in denominations of 500, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, and 10,000 francs. These notes are color-coded and decorated with images of prominent figures and landmarks from the WAEMU region, symbolizing the cultural and historical connections among the member countries.

 

Internet domain: .ne

 

Dialing code: +227

 

Time zone: GMT +1

 

Geography:

The northern part of Niger is dominated by the Sahara Desert, one of the largest in the world. This region includes significant features such as the Ténéré Desert, which is known for its vast sand dunes and extreme aridity, and the Erg of Bilma, a large sand sea. However, it is important to note that much of the Sahara in Niger is not just sand dunes but also includes rocky plateaus and mountains, particularly the Aïr Mountains.

The Sahel region lies south of the Sahara and extends across central Niger. This semi-arid region is characterized by sparse vegetation and is prone to desertification, but it supports some agriculture and pastoralism. The most significant river is the Niger, which flows through the southwestern part of the country. The river creates a fertile area along its banks, particularly around Niamey, the capital.

The Aïr Mountains, located in the central part of Niger, are an important geographical feature, with Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès being the highest peak. This region is more mountainous and rocky, providing a contrast to the surrounding desert landscapes.

The southern part of Niger falls within the Sudanian zone, which is more humid compared to the Sahel and Sahara regions.

 

Highest peak: Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès 2 022 m.a.s.l. (6 634 feet above sea level)

It is located in the Aïr Mountains in the north of the country.

 

Climate:

The northern part of Niger, which is dominated by the Sahara Desert, experiences a typical desert climate. This region is characterized by extremely hot temperatures during the day, often exceeding 40°C (104°F) in the summer, and significant temperature drops at night, sometimes falling below 10°C (50°F). Rainfall is extremely scarce, often less than 20 mm (0.8 inches) annually, and occurs sporadically, making this region one of the driest areas in the world.

The Sahel region, which lies south of the Sahara, has a semi-arid steppe climate. This region experiences a short rainy season from June to September, which is crucial for agriculture. Average annual rainfall ranges from about 150 to 600 mm (6 to 24 inches), depending on the specific location within the Sahel. During the dry season, temperatures can be very high, with average daytime temperatures ranging from 30°C to 40°C (86°F to 104°F). The rainy season cools the area slightly, but temperatures typically remain warm, around 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F).

The southern part of Niger falls within the Sudanian climate zone, which is more humid than the Sahel. This region experiences a longer rainy season, typically from May to October, with annual rainfall ranging from 600 to 800 mm (24 to 31 inches). The climate here supports more diverse vegetation and is more suitable for agriculture. Average temperatures in this region are slightly lower than in the Sahel, ranging from 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F) during the rainy season, with peak temperatures in the dry season reaching up to 38°C (100°F) or higher.

 

Fauna and flora:

Camels, particularly dromedaries (one-humped camels), are indeed common in Niger’s desert regions, especially in the Sahara. They are vital to the nomadic Tuareg and other desert-dwelling peoples, serving as both transport and a source of milk and meat. These animals are well-adapted to the harsh desert environment, enabling them to survive long periods without water.

Elephants in Niger are primarily found in the southwestern part of the country, particularly in the W National Park and the surrounding areas. While their numbers have been severely reduced due to poaching, conservation efforts have been implemented to protect the remaining populations. The W National Park, part of a transboundary park complex with Burkina Faso and Benin, is also home to African lions, which roam the savannas and woodland areas of the park.

Niger is home to a variety of antelope species, including the dama gazelle and the addax, both of which are critically endangered due to hunting and habitat loss. The addax, a desert antelope, is particularly rare and primarily found in the remote parts of the Sahara Desert.

Crocodiles, specifically the Nile crocodile, are found in the Niger River and its tributaries, as well as in some of the more permanent lakes and wetlands. These crocodiles are a critical part of the aquatic ecosystems in Niger.

In terms of flora, Niger’s arid regions, including the Sahara, support vegetation that is adapted to harsh, dry conditions. Acacias are common, with their deep roots and drought-resistant qualities making them well-suited to these environments. Other drought-resistant trees and shrubs, such as the desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca), also thrive here. Baobabs, iconic to West Africa, can be found in the southern and more humid parts of Niger. These trees are known for their massive trunks and unique shapes, and they play a significant role in the local ecology and culture.

The Niger River runs through the southwestern part of the country. Along the riverbanks and in areas where the river broadens, there are swamps and wetlands that support diverse aquatic plant life, including reeds, papyrus, and water lilies. These wetlands are crucial habitats for many bird species, fish, and other wildlife.

 

Agriculture:

In the higher rainfall areas of southern Niger, agriculture plays a critical role in the economy, with the cultivation of cereals being particularly important. Key crops include millet, sorghum, maize, and rice. Millet and sorghum are the dominant staple foods, especially in regions where rainfall is more consistent.

Shifting agriculture, also known as slash-and-burn or rotational farming, is practiced in parts of the Sahel where rainfall is seasonal and erratic. In these areas, farmers rotate their fields and sometimes leave them fallow to recover nutrients. Crops like sorghum and millet are typically grown, taking advantage of the short rainy season.

Pastoralism is a crucial livelihood in Niger, especially in the drier, northern regions. People raise livestock such as goats, sheep, cattle, and camels. These animals are vital for food, milk production, and trade. In some areas, pastoralists practice transhumance, moving their herds seasonally to access water and pasture.

 

Extraction of natural resources:

Niger is one of the world’s leading producers of uranium, which is primarily used in the production of nuclear power. Uranium mining is concentrated in the Agadez region in northern Niger, particularly around the towns of Arlit and Akokan. This sector is a major contributor to Niger’s economy, although it has also been the subject of environmental and social concerns.

Gold mining has grown in importance in Niger’s mining industry in recent years. Significant gold deposits are found in the Liptako-Gourma region, which includes the Tillabéri region in the west of the country. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining is also prevalent, though it is often informal and presents challenges related to regulation and safety.

In addition to uranium and gold, Niger has potential reserves of other minerals such as coal, phosphate, limestone, and gypsum. The country has recently begun exploring its oil reserves, with extraction primarily in the Diffa region. Oil production has become increasingly important, particularly since the early 2010s, contributing to Niger’s economic diversification efforts.

Salt is extracted in several regions, including the Bilma oasis in the northeast, where traditional methods are still used. Niger’s natural resources also include precious stones and semi-precious stones such as agates and quartz are commonly found.

 

Industry:

Niger’s manufacturing industry is relatively small and underdeveloped, reflecting the country’s broader economic challenges. Key sectors within the manufacturing industry include cement production, which is essential for the construction industry, particularly as urbanization increases in major cities like Niamey.

The food processing industry is another significant component of Niger’s manufacturing sector. This industry primarily focuses on processing local agricultural products, such as millet, sorghum, peanuts, and livestock products, into foodstuffs that can be sold domestically and, to a lesser extent, exported.

The textile industry in Niger is small and mainly focused on traditional crafts rather than large-scale production. It includes the production of traditional garments, cloth, and leather goods, often using local materials. However, this sector faces stiff competition from imported textiles and clothing.

In recent years, Niger has been working to develop its industrial base through initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure, encouraging investment, and expanding into new areas such as oil refining, which began after the discovery and development of oil reserves in the country. The Soraz refinery in Zinder, for example, processes crude oil from Niger’s oil fields, contributing to the country’s industrial output.

 

Services and other areas of the economy: –

 

Natural and historical attractions: the Aïr mountains, the cities of Agadez and Zinder, and the Ténéré region

Niger is home to vast desert areas, including part of the Sahara Desert in the north. This region attracts adventurers and tourists who come to explore the expansive sand dunes, rugged landscapes, and the unique cultures of the Tuareg people who inhabit the area.

W National Park, part of the larger W-Arly-Pendjari Complex, is a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of Niger’s main tourist destinations. It is located in the southwest, near the borders with Burkina Faso and Benin. The park is known for its diverse wildlife, including elephants, lions, and hippos, and offers opportunities for safari tours and birdwatching.

The Aïr Mountains, a range in northern Niger, are renowned for their dramatic landscapes, including imposing rock formations, deep gorges, and ancient rock art sites. The area is a prime destination for hiking and exploring the traditional nomadic cultures of the Tuareg people. The town of Agadez, located at the foot of the Aïr Mountains, is a historic city known for its iconic mud-brick minaret at the Grand Mosque, vibrant markets, and traditional craft workshops.

Another notable natural attraction is the Termit Massif and the Tin-Toumma Desert, an area of significant ecological and cultural importance that is home to endangered species like the addax antelope and is recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

Dallol Bosso, located in the Zinder region, is a seasonal river valley with dramatic landscapes and striking rock formations. The region offers opportunities for exploration and photography, particularly during the rainy season when the landscape is more vibrant.

Throughout Niger, various cultural festivals, such as the Cure Salée, and local markets offer visitors the chance to experience the rich local culture, traditional music, dances, and crafts.

 

 

Form of government: semi-presidential republic

Following a military coup in 2023, Niger’s civilian rule and constitution were suspended, leading to the dissolution of the government and the establishment of military rule. The military junta took control of the country, suspending democratic institutions and halting the functioning of the constitutionally established government.

Before the coup, Niger operated as a semi-presidential republic under its 2010 constitution. In this system, the president served as the head of state, while the prime minister was the head of government. The president was elected by popular vote and held significant executive powers, including the authority to appoint the prime minister and other members of the government.

The legislative branch consisted of a unicameral National Assembly, which was elected by the people and had the power to pass laws, approve budgets, and oversee the government. The National Assembly also played a role in the checks and balances of the government, although the president held substantial influence.

Niger’s political history has been marked by instability, with multiple coups and periods of military rule since its independence from France in 1960.

 

Capital city: Niamey

Niamey, the capital and largest city of Niger, is located in the southwestern part of the country, near the border with Burkina Faso, along the banks of the Niger River. This river is central to the city’s economy and daily life, providing water, transport, and recreation. The area where Niamey now stands has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with evidence of ancient settlements and traditional villages. However, the city itself began to develop as an urban center in the early 20th century during French colonial rule, when it was established as the administrative center of the colony of Niger.

Today, Niamey serves as the political, cultural, and economic hub of Niger. Among its most significant landmarks is the Grand Mosque of Niamey, a key religious site with a towering minaret that dominates the city’s skyline. The National Museum of Niger, also known as the Musée National Boubou Hama, is another major attraction. It offers a comprehensive look at the country’s history, culture, and natural heritage, and includes a zoo and traditional craft workshops.

The city is also known for the Kennedy Bridge, which spans the Niger River and is a notable landmark in Niamey. The bustling Niamey Grand Market is the largest in the city, where visitors can find a wide variety of goods, from local produce to traditional crafts and textiles. In the heart of the city lies the Presidential Palace, the official residence of the president of Niger, symbolizing the country’s government. Niamey is also home to several important cultural and educational institutions, including Abdou Moumouni University, the largest university in Niger, and various cultural centers that promote Nigerien arts and traditions.

The city has a population of about 1 496 000.

 

Area: 1 267 000 km² (489 191 square miles)

 

Population: 25 312 000 (2022 estimate)

Niger is a country with a diverse ethnic composition and rich cultural heritage. The largest ethnic group is the Hausa, who make up a significant portion of the population, particularly in the southern regions. The Zarma-Songhai are the second-largest group, predominantly found in the southwestern part of the country around the capital, Niamey. Other important ethnic groups include the Tuareg, who are primarily nomadic and live in the northern regions, the Fulani (also known as Fulbe), who are spread across the country and are traditionally pastoralists, and the Kanuri, who are mainly concentrated in the southeast near the border with Nigeria.

Islam is the predominant religion in Niger, with over 99% of the population identifying as Muslim. Islam deeply influences the culture, social norms, and daily life in Niger. The vast majority of Nigerien Muslims follow Sunni Islam, with a significant number adhering to Sufi traditions. There are also small communities of Christians, primarily Roman Catholics and Protestants, as well as practitioners of traditional African religions, though these make up a very small percentage of the population.

The official language of Niger is French, a legacy of the colonial era when Niger was part of French West Africa. French is the language of instruction in schools and is used in government, official documents, and public administration. However, several indigenous languages are widely spoken in everyday life, including Hausa, Zarma, and Tamashek (the language of the Tuareg).

Niger’s population faces numerous challenges, including widespread poverty, limited access to basic services such as education and healthcare, and a high population growth rate that puts additional pressure on resources.

 

UNESCO World Heritage Sites: 3

 

1. Aïr and Ténéré Natural Reserves (1991) – This site is one of the largest protected areas in Africa and includes the Aïr Mountains and the Ténéré Desert. It is recognized for its exceptional natural beauty and biodiversity, though it has been on the UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger since 1992 due to threats from armed conflict and environmental challenges.
2. W-Arly-Pendjari Complex (2017) – This is a transnational UNESCO World Heritage site that spans Niger, Benin, and Burkina Faso. It is an extension of the previously listed “W National Park of Niger” (1996). The complex is significant for its rich biodiversity and is part of the Sudan-Sahel Savannah ecoregion. It is crucial for the conservation of species like elephants, lions, and cheetahs.
3. Historic Centre of Agadez (2013) – The historic city of Agadez, dating back to the 15th and 16th centuries, served as a key trading post and gateway to the Sahara Desert. The site is particularly noted for its Grand Mosque with a tall mud-brick minaret, a symbol of the city, and for its traditional architecture.

 

National parks: 2

 

1. W National Park
2. Tadrès National Park