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TUNISIA

Date of establishment: March 20, 1956

Brief history:

Antiquity: The territory of today’s Tunisia was originally inhabited by Berber tribes before the arrival of the Phoenicians in the 12th century BCE, who established the powerful city of Carthage around 814 BCE. Carthage became a dominant power in the western Mediterranean until it was defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars (264-146 BCE). After the fall of Carthage in 146 BCE, Tunisia became part of the Roman Empire, known as the province of Africa Proconsularis.

7th century: Islam spread to the area after the Arab Muslim conquest of Tunisia in 670 CE. The region became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and later the Abbasid Caliphate. An Islamic emirate was established there, and Tunisia became a center for Islamic culture and scholarship.

12th-16th century: During the 12th century, the Almohad and later the Hafsid dynasties ruled Tunisia. The Hafsids, who declared independence from the Almohads, controlled the region from the 13th to the 16th centuries. Their rule saw the flourishing of Tunis as a major Mediterranean trade center.

16th century: The Ottoman Empire took control of Tunisia in 1574 and granted it autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty. Tunisia was governed by a local Bey, who acted as the de facto ruler, although the region remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire.

19th century: In 1881, France established a protectorate over Tunisia, beginning the period of French colonial administration. This led to significant economic and social changes, as well as resistance from the local population.

March 20, 1956: Tunisia gained independence from France under the leadership of Habib Bourguiba, who became the country’s first Prime Minister and later its first President.

1957: Tunisia was declared a republic, and Bourguiba became its first president. He initiated a series of modernization reforms, including the secularization of Tunisian society, the advancement of women’s rights, and the promotion of education.

1987: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali staged a bloodless coup and became president, citing Bourguiba’s ill health. Ben Ali’s regime was characterized by authoritarian rule, with significant restrictions on political freedoms and widespread corruption.

2010-2011: A wave of protests, known as the Jasmine Revolution, began with the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi on December 17, 2010. These protests, driven by economic grievances and demands for political reform, led to the ousting of Ben Ali on January 14, 2011. This event marked the beginning of the Arab Spring, a series of uprisings across the Arab world.

2011: Following Ben Ali’s departure, Tunisia experienced its first free elections on October 23, 2011. These elections led to the formation of a Constituent Assembly tasked with drafting a new constitution. The Ennahda Movement, an Islamist party, won a plurality in the elections.

2014: Tunisia adopted a new constitution on January 26, 2014, which was widely praised for its progressive provisions, including the protection of human rights and gender equality. Later that year, Tunisia held parliamentary and presidential elections, marking the completion of its transition to democracy.

2015: The Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, a coalition of civil society organizations, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its role in facilitating peaceful political dialogue and ensuring the success of Tunisia’s democratic transition.

2019: Kais Saied, a political outsider and law professor, was elected president in October 2019. His presidency has been marked by significant political upheaval.

2021-Present: In July 2021, President Saied dismissed the Prime Minister, suspended parliament, and took control of the executive powers, citing national emergency reasons. This move was controversial and has led to accusations of a power grab, with ongoing debates about the future of Tunisia’s democracy. In 2022, a new constitution was approved in a referendum, granting the president expanded powers.

International abbreviation: TU

Currency: Tunisian dinar (TND)

The Tunisian dinar is the official currency of Tunisia. It is divided into 1,000 smaller units called millimes (singular: millime). The currency is usually denoted by the symbol “د.ت” (in Arabic) or the abbreviation “DT” (in Latin script).

Tunisian coins are available in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 millimes, as well as ½, 1, 2, and 5 dinars. Banknotes are issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, and 50 dinars. The design and features of both coins and banknotes often showcase significant historical, cultural, and architectural elements of Tunisia.

Internet domain: .tu

Dialing code: +216

Time zone: GMT+1

Geography:

Tunisia is located in the northern part of Africa and borders two countries: Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. To the north and northeast, Tunisia has a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea.

The country has a diverse landscape. The northern region features the Tell Atlas mountains, part of the larger Atlas mountain range that extends across North Africa. The coastal areas of the north are fertile and include rolling hills and valleys, which are important for agriculture. The central part of Tunisia transitions into the steppe and semi-arid plains, while the southern region is dominated by the Sahara Desert, which covers much of the country’s area.

Tunisia has approximately 1,300 kilometers (about 807 miles) of Mediterranean coastline, making it an attractive tourist destination with numerous beaches and seaside resorts. This coastline includes the Gulf of Tunis, the Gulf of Hammamet, and the Gulf of Gabès, which are home to major cities and popular tourist sites.

Tunisia also includes several notable geographical features such as the Chott el Jerid, a large salt flat in the southwest, and Cape Bon, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean in the northeast.

Highest peak: Jebel ech Chambi 1 544 m (5 066 feet) above sea level.

It is located in the Tell Atlas Mountains, which are located in the northeastern part of the country, near the border with Algeria.

Climate:

Tunisia’s climate varies significantly from north to south, influenced by its diverse geography. In the northern part of the country, particularly along the Mediterranean Sea, the climate is Mediterranean. Winters are mild and wet, with average temperatures ranging between 10-15°C (50-59°F), and most of the annual rainfall occurs during this season. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures frequently exceeding 30°C (86°F). Coastal areas, including cities like Tunis and Bizerte, benefit from sea breezes, which can moderate the summer heat.

The central region of Tunisia, which includes the Tell Atlas Mountains, has a more varied climate, a mix of Mediterranean and semi-arid conditions. Winters in this region can be colder than on the coast, with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing, especially in the higher elevations of the mountains. Snowfall is rare but possible. Summers are warm but generally less hot than in the southern or coastal regions, though temperatures can still reach the mid-30s°C (mid-90s°F). The central region receives less rainfall than the north, particularly as one moves further inland.

In the southern part of Tunisia, the climate becomes much harsher as it is part of the Sahara Desert. Summers are extremely hot, with daytime temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F) and sometimes reaching as high as 50°C (122°F) in the hottest areas. Nights in the desert can be much cooler, with temperatures sometimes dropping sharply. Rainfall in this region is minimal and highly irregular, often resulting in long periods of drought. Besides the vast Sahara, Tunisia has other smaller desert areas, such as the Matmata region. These areas share a similar climate to the Sahara, characterized by very hot summers, cooler nights, and scarce rainfall.

Fauna and flora:

The Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), lives in the rugged areas of the Tell Atlas Mountains in northern Tunisia. The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is common in various habitats across Tunisia, including forests, scrublands, and desert areas. The Barbary lion (Panthera leo leo) was once widespread throughout North Africa but is now extinct in the wild.

Tunisia is home to a diverse array of bird species, including raptors like the Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata) and the lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus), as well as various species of owls. Tunisia is also an important stopover for migratory birds traveling between Europe and Africa, with wetlands like Lake Ichkeul hosting numerous species, including flamingos, storks, and various waterfowl.

The country is renowned for its olive oil production, with vast olive groves especially prominent in the central and northern regions. In the desert areas and in the south, various types of drought-resistant plants grow, including the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica), which is widespread and also cultivated for its fruit.

The maquis is a Mediterranean shrub habitat characteristic of the coastal and hilly areas of Tunisia. It contains many aromatic herbs and plants, such as rosemary, thyme, and myrtle. In desert regions, you will find plants adapted to extreme conditions, including agaves, acacias, and other species of xerophytic plants, which are adapted to conserve water. Tunisia also has several endemic plant species, meaning they are found only in this region, such as the Tunisian hellebore (Helleborus tunetanus), which is native to the mountainous regions.

Agriculture:

Agriculture in Tunisia encompasses the cultivation of a diverse range of crops, including olive trees, wheat, barley, corn, dates, figs, grapes, and citrus fruits. The country also raises various types of livestock, particularly sheep, goats, and cattle. Olive trees are crucial to Tunisian agricultural production, and Tunisia is one of the world’s leading producers and exporters of olive oil.

In addition to traditional farming methods, Tunisia employs modern agricultural practices, especially in arid and desert areas. These include advanced irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation, which enable the cultivation of crops like tomatoes, watermelons, and peppers in regions that would otherwise be too dry for farming.

Furthermore, Tunisia also produces a variety of other crops like almonds, pomegranates, and vegetables, and the country has a growing interest in organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices.

Extraction of natural resources:

Tunisia is one of the world’s significant producers of phosphates. Phosphate mining is concentrated in the Gafsa region, where the deposits are among the richest in the world. Phosphates are vital for the production of fertilizers and other chemical products, making them a key component of Tunisia’s economy.

Salt is extracted from salt pans and salt lakes, particularly in the Chott el Jerid and other regions with large salt flats. This salt is used both domestically and for export.

The country has modest reserves of oil and natural gas, primarily located offshore in the Mediterranean Sea and onshore in the southern desert regions. However, Tunisia is not a major global producer of these resources.

Tunisia is rich in various types of stone, including marble, limestone, and sandstone, which are quarried and used extensively in construction, as well as for producing statues and decorative objects. The country has a long history of stone craftsmanship, particularly in the production of mosaics and architectural elements.

In addition to phosphates, Tunisia also has deposits of other minerals such as lead, zinc, and iron ore, particularly in the northern and central parts of the country.

Industry:

Tunisia has a well-developed textiles and clothing industry, which is one of the largest sectors in the country. This industry includes the production of garments, footwear, and various textile products. It is a major contributor to job creation, particularly in export-oriented manufacturing, where Tunisia has established itself as a key supplier to European markets.

The food industry in Tunisia is also significant, encompassing the production of olive oil (one of the country’s most important exports), dairy products, confectionery, and beverages, including wines and bottled water. The processing of dates and fish products also plays an important role in the sector, contributing to both domestic consumption and export.

While Tunisia does have a growing automotive sector, it primarily involves the production of automotive components and parts rather than complete vehicle assembly. Several international companies have set up manufacturing facilities in Tunisia to produce components for export, particularly to Europe. However, full-scale car production is limited.

The construction industry is significant in Tunisia, driven by the development of infrastructure projects, tourist resorts, and residential and commercial real estate. This sector is vital for the country’s economic growth, supporting related industries such as cement production, ceramics, and building materials.

In addition to these sectors, Tunisia’s industrial landscape also includes the production of electrical and mechanical equipment, chemicals, and plastics.

Services and other areas of the economy: transport and tourism

Natural and historical attractions: El-Jem, Carthage, Sousse, Tunis, Dougga, Kairouan, Djerba Island, beaches, and Ichkeul National Park

Tunisia boasts a rich history and numerous historical sites, including ancient Roman ruins, Carthaginian archaeological sites, and medieval city fortifications. Key attractions include the ancient city of Carthage, a UNESCO World Heritage Site with extensive ruins that reflect its significance as a major power in the ancient Mediterranean. The El Jem Amphitheater, one of the largest Roman amphitheaters in the world, is another UNESCO site that draws many visitors. The city of Kairouan, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is known for its Great Mosque and as a center of Islamic culture, being the fourth holiest city in Islam.

The coastal areas of Tunisia, such as Hammamet, Sousse, Monastir, and the island of Djerba, are famous for their beautiful beaches, vibrant nightlife, and luxury resorts, making them popular tourist destinations. These areas offer a mix of relaxation and cultural experiences, with opportunities to explore local markets, historical sites, and water-based activities.

Tunisia’s desert landscape, particularly the Sahara Desert, is a major draw for adventurers and tourists. The desert offers opportunities for exploration, including camel treks, 4×4 expeditions, and visits to oases like Tozeur and Douz. The Star Wars filming locations in the desert, such as the set of Mos Espa, also attract many fans of the franchise.

For those seeking adventure and active relaxation, Tunisia offers a wide range of activities, including diving, windsurfing, kite surfing, horse riding, and golf. Tunisia’s golf courses, some of which are located near coastal resorts, are known for their quality and scenic views.

Tourists can immerse themselves in traditional Tunisian culture and cuisine. The medina of Tunis, another UNESCO World Heritage Site, offers an authentic experience with its narrow alleys, traditional souks, and historic buildings. Sidi Bou Said, a picturesque village known for its white-and-blue architecture, is also famous for its traditional market where visitors can buy local handicrafts, art, and taste traditional Tunisian foods like couscous, brik, and mint tea.

Form of government: republic

The head of state in Tunisia is the president, who is elected through regular presidential elections. The president plays a significant role in state leadership and serves as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president also has considerable influence over foreign policy and national security.

Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral parliament, known as the Assembly of the People’s Representatives. This body is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the executive branch. The Assembly is composed of representatives elected by the people for a five-year term.

Tunisia underwent a significant political transformation in 2011 during the Arab Spring, which led to the overthrow of long-time president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. This revolution ushered in democratic reforms, including the drafting of a new constitution in 2014. Since then, Tunisia has held several democratic elections, allowing various political parties to participate and contributing to the country’s democratization process.

However, the political situation has become more complex in recent years. In July 2021, President Kais Saied suspended the parliament and dismissed the prime minister, citing a national emergency. This move was followed by the dissolution of the Assembly of the People’s Representatives in March 2022, and since then, Tunisia has been governed largely by presidential decree. These actions have sparked significant debate and concern about the future of democracy in Tunisia, with some viewing them as necessary to stabilize the country and others as a step back from democratic governance.

Tunisia’s judicial system is based on a combination of French civil law, Islamic law, and traditional Tunisian customs. The judiciary is supposed to operate independently from the executive and legislative branches, with the Constitutional Court, created under the 2014 constitution, intended to oversee the constitutionality of laws and resolve conflicts between branches of government. However, as of 2024, the Constitutional Court has not been fully established, which has raised concerns about the checks and balances within the Tunisian political system.

The judicial system includes lower courts, courts of appeal, and the Court of Cassation, which is the highest court of appeal. Additionally, there are administrative courts and military courts. Judges are appointed by the president and are expected to rule based on the law, although concerns about judicial independence have been an ongoing issue, particularly in the current political climate.

Capital city: Tunis

Tunis, located on the northeastern coast of Tunisia near the Mediterranean Sea, is the capital and largest city of the country, serving as its cultural, economic, and political hub. The city has a rich history that stretches back to ancient times. Originally founded by the Berbers and later developed by the Phoenicians, Tunis became an important part of the Carthaginian civilization. After Carthage fell to the Romans, Tunis experienced successive rule by the Vandals, the Byzantine Empire, and then Arab-Muslim armies in the 7th century. It eventually became the capital of the Aghlabid dynasty in the 9th century and flourished under various Muslim dynasties, including the Zirids, Hafsids, and Ottomans. Throughout these periods, Tunis emerged as a vital center for Islamic culture and Mediterranean trade.

Today, the city is known for its blend of ancient heritage and modern vibrancy. The Medina of Tunis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the historic heart of the city, characterized by its narrow streets, bustling souks, and significant historic buildings such as the Zitouna Mosque. This mosque, founded in 732 CE, is one of the oldest in North Africa and has served as a major center for Islamic learning. Just outside the modern city lies Carthage, the ancient city that was once the center of the powerful Carthaginian Empire. The ruins of Carthage, including the Antonine Baths and the Punic Ports, are key attractions that reflect the city’s storied past.

The Bardo National Museum in Tunis, housed in a former palace, is another highlight, featuring one of the most important collections in the Mediterranean region. It is particularly famous for its extensive array of Roman mosaics and artifacts from Tunisia’s diverse historical periods, including Punic, Roman, and Islamic eras. The picturesque village of Sidi Bou Said, located near Tunis, is renowned for its charming whitewashed buildings with blue doors and windows, offering breathtaking views of the Mediterranean Sea.

In the heart of modern Tunis, the Avenue Habib Bourguiba serves as the main thoroughfare, often compared to the Champs-Élysées in Paris. This bustling boulevard is lined with cafes, shops, and significant buildings such as the French Embassy and the Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul.

The city has a population of about 2 475 000.

Area: 163 610 km² (63 170 square miles)

Population: 12 356 000 (2022 estimate)

Tunisia has a relatively homogeneous ethnic composition, with the majority of the population identifying as Arabs. The population also includes a significant Berber minority, particularly in the southern and mountainous regions. Over the centuries, Arab culture and language have largely assimilated Berber communities, although Berber identity and traditions persist in some areas.

Arabic is the official language of Tunisia, and Tunisian Arabic, also known as Derja, is the most widely spoken dialect in daily life. While Standard Arabic is used in formal settings, many Tunisians are also fluent in French, which is widely used in education, business, government, and the media. Berber languages are spoken by a small portion of the population, mainly in certain rural areas.

Islam is the predominant religion in Tunisia, with the vast majority of the population adhering to Sunni Islam, particularly the Maliki school of jurisprudence. Tunisia has a tradition of religious tolerance, and there are small Christian and Jewish communities in the country. The Christian population primarily consists of expatriates and a small number of native Tunisians, while the Jewish community is one of the oldest in the world, with its most significant presence on the island of Djerba.

In addition to these groups, Tunisia has a growing population of Sub-Saharan African immigrants, who contribute to the cultural and social diversity of the country.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites: 9

Amphitheater of El Jem (1979) – The largest Roman amphitheater in North Africa, showcasing Roman architectural grandeur.
Archaeological Site of Carthage (1979) – Ruins of the ancient Phoenician city that was later rebuilt by the Romans after its destruction.
Medina of Tunis (1979) – One of the most well-preserved medieval Islamic cities, with narrow streets, souks, and historic mosques.
Ichkeul National Park (1980) – A crucial wetland area with a large lake, home to various migratory birds and other wildlife.
Punic Town of Kerkouane and its Necropolis (1985) – Remains of a Punic city abandoned in the 3rd century BCE and never rebuilt, offering unique insights into Punic civilization.
Kairouan (1988) – A city that is the fourth holiest in Islam, known for its Great Mosque and as a center of Islamic learning.
Medina of Sousse (1988) – A well-preserved coastal medina featuring a Ribat (fortress), the Great Mosque, and other significant Islamic architecture.
Dougga/Thugga (1997) – One of the best-preserved Roman small towns in North Africa, with extensive ruins that offer insights into Roman life.
Djerba: Testimony of a settlement pattern on an island territory (2023) – The island of Djerba, recognized for its unique settlement patterns that reflect human adaptation to a semi-arid, water-scarce environment.

National parks: 17

Bou-Hedma National Park
Boukornine National Park
Chambi National Park
Dghoumes National Park
El Feidja National Park
Ichkeul National Park
Jebel Chitana-Cap Négro National Park
Jebel Mghilla National Park
Jebel Orbata National Park
Jebel Serj National Park
Jebel Zaghouan National Park
Jebil National Park
Kerkouane National Park
Oued Zeen National Park
Sanghr Jabbess National Park
Sidi Toui National Park
Zembra and Zembretta National Park