ARMENIA
Date of establishment: September 27, 1991
Brief history:
Ancient Armenia: Armenia has a rich history dating back thousands of years. Ancient Armenia arose around the 6th century BCE, with the establishment of the Orontid Dynasty. The region was ruled by various powers, including the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, influencing its cultural and political landscape.
Kingdom of Armenia: The first significant Armenian kingdom, the Kingdom of Armenia, existed from the 4th century BCE, reaching its peak under the rule of Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BCE. This kingdom played a crucial role in regional politics and culture.
Conversion to Christianity: In 301 CE, Armenia became the first country in the world to adopt Christianity as its state religion, under King Tiridates III. This event is of fundamental importance for Armenian history and has shaped its national identity.
Byzantine and Persian Empires: Throughout history, Armenia has been a battleground between the Byzantine and Persian Empires, leading to numerous Armenian rebellions and conflicts. The Treaty of Nvarsak in 484 CE granted some autonomy to Armenia under Persian suzerainty.
Arab Caliphate: In the 7th century, Armenia came under the rule of the Arab Caliphate, which led to a period of relative autonomy under Armenian princes while paying tribute to the Caliphs.
Bagratid Armenia: In the 9th century, the Bagratid dynasty established an independent Armenian kingdom, which lasted until the 11th century when it fell to the Byzantine Empire and later the Seljuk Turks.
Ottoman Empire: In the 16th century, Armenia was divided between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Persian Empire. The Armenian population faced various persecutions and massacres over the centuries, culminating in the Armenian Genocide during the First World War, where an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were systematically exterminated by the Ottoman government.
First Republic of Armenia: After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Armenia declared its independence in 1918, establishing the First Republic of Armenia. However, this period was marked by civil war and conflicts with neighboring states, including Azerbaijan and Turkey.
Soviet Armenia: In 1920, Armenia was invaded by Soviet forces and became part of the Soviet Union as the Armenian SSR. This period saw significant industrial and educational development but also repression and control by the Soviet authorities.
Independent Republic: Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia regained its independence as the Republic of Armenia. This period has been marked by political changes, economic challenges, and conflicts in the region, particularly the ongoing conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh with Azerbaijan.
International abbreviation: ARM
Currency: Armenian dram (AMD)
The currency of Armenia is named the Armenian dram (ISO code: AMD), which was introduced in 1993 after the country gained independence from the Soviet Union. The name “dram” comes from the ancient Greek word “drachma,” and it was historically used for various coins in the region.
The Armenian dram is divided into smaller units called luma, with 1 dram equal to 100 luma. However, luma coins are rarely used in everyday transactions.
The current denominations of Armenian coins include 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 drams. Banknotes are issued in denominations of 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, and 100,000 drams. The banknotes feature notable historical figures, cultural landmarks, and significant events from Armenian history, reflecting the nation’s rich heritage.
Internet domain: am
Dialing code: +374
Time zone: GMT +4
Geography:
Armenia is a landlocked country located in the South Caucasus region, bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran to the south. The geography of Armenia is predominantly mountainous, with the most significant ranges being the Armenian Highlands and the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, rather than the Greater Caucasus, which lies further north in Georgia and Russia.
Nagorno-Karabakh is a region with a predominantly ethnic Armenian population that declared independence as the Republic of Artsakh. However, it is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. The status of Nagorno-Karabakh remains disputed, and the region has been the focal point of ongoing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, including wars in the early 1990s and again in 2020.
Armenia is home to various lakes, the largest of which is Lake Sevan. Lake Sevan is one of the largest high-altitude freshwater lakes in the world and is crucial for Armenia’s water supply, fishery, and tourism.
The main rivers in Armenia include the Araks (Aras) and Hrazdan. The Araks River forms part of Armenia’s border with Turkey and Iran, while the Hrazdan River flows from Lake Sevan through the capital city, Yerevan, playing a significant role in the country’s water and energy resources.
Highest peak: Aragats 4 095 m (13 435 feet)
Aragats is a volcanic complex located in the northwestern part of the country, near the Turkish border. It is the highest mountain in Armenia and in the entire South Caucasus.
Climate:
The climate in Armenia is primarily continental, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, with significant variations due to altitude.
In the summer months, temperatures in the lowlands can rise above 30°C (86°F), making it hot and dry. However, in higher elevations, summer temperatures are more moderate. Winters are cold and snowy, particularly in the mountainous regions, with temperatures often dropping below freezing even at lower elevations. In Yerevan, the capital, winter temperatures average around -5°C (23°F) but can drop much lower in the mountains.
Armenia is relatively dry, receiving most of its precipitation in the spring and fall. Annual rainfall averages between 200 to 600 millimeters (7.9 to 23.6 inches), with the highest amounts typically in the mountainous regions. Melting snow from the mountains also contributes to the water supply in the spring.
The climate varies significantly with altitude. The higher mountains experience colder temperatures and more snowfall, while the lowlands are generally warmer. For instance, temperatures in the highlands can drop to -15°C (5°F) or lower in winter, while summer temperatures may stay around 20°C (68°F). In contrast, the lowlands can see winter temperatures around -5°C (23°F) and summer temperatures exceeding 30°C (86°F).
Winds are common, particularly in mountainous areas, and they can significantly affect the local climate.
Lake Sevan influences the local microclimate, creating milder conditions compared to other parts of the country. The area around the lake benefits from cooler summers and milder winters, making it a popular destination for summer tourism.
Fauna and flora:
In the lowlands and lower mountain areas of Armenia, you can find steppe and meadow vegetation, including grasses, flowers, and various herbs. These regions are characterized by a diverse array of plant life adapted to the relatively dry and temperate conditions.
In the mountainous areas, forests are dominated by deciduous trees such as beech, oak, hornbeam, and maple. These forests provide critical habitats for many species of wildlife and play a crucial role in the local ecosystem.
High in the mountains, alpine plants and shrubs are adapted to extreme conditions, including rocky slopes and snowfields. These plants include species such as alpine forget-me-nots, edelweiss, and various types of saxifrage, which thrive in the harsh, high-altitude environments.
The surroundings of Lake Sevan are rich in vegetation, including unique species like the Sevan sedge, which is endemic to this area. The lake’s ecosystem supports a wide variety of plant and animal life, making it a vital natural resource for the region.
Armenia is home to a diverse range of bird species, including eagles, falcons, owls, and various songbirds. Lake Sevan serves as an important habitat for waterfowl and migratory birds, contributing to the country’s biodiversity.
Various mammals inhabit Armenia’s mountains and forests, including chamois, roe deer, wild boar, foxes, and hares. These animals are well adapted to the varying climates and terrains found throughout the country.
Reptiles, such as lizards and snakes, are also present in Armenia, particularly in the warmer, drier regions. These reptiles are an integral part of the country’s diverse fauna.
Agriculture:
Crop cultivation plays an important role in Armenian agriculture. The most commonly grown crops include wheat, barley, potatoes, sunflowers, fruit (including grapes, apples, apricots, and peaches), and vegetables. Armenia is particularly renowned for its high-quality fruits and vegetables, which benefit from the country’s favorable climate and fertile soil.
Farming of livestock such as cows, sheep, goats, and chickens is common in the lowlands and valleys. In these areas, dairy farming is also a significant part of agricultural activity, producing milk, cheese, and other dairy products.
In mountainous areas, especially in the Caucasus Mountains, pastoralism is widespread, mainly for the breeding of sheep and goats. These regions are well-suited for grazing, and livestock farming in these areas supports local economies and traditional ways of life.
Armenian agriculture faces various challenges, including inadequate irrigation systems, soil erosion, low productivity, and difficulties in accessing markets. Additionally, small farm sizes and limited access to modern agricultural technology further hinder agricultural efficiency.
Armenia exports several agricultural products, including wine, brandy, dried fruits, and fresh fruits and vegetables, contributing to the country’s economy. Armenian wine and brandy, in particular, have gained international recognition for their quality.
Extraction of natural resources:
Armenia has significant copper reserves, which are primarily mined in locations such as the Zangezur Copper-Molybdenum Combine near Kajaran, one of the largest copper mines in the country. Another important raw material mined is molybdenum, which is used in various industrial applications, especially in metallurgy. The Zangezur mine is also a major source of molybdenum.
Armenia also has reserves of gold, primarily extracted from mines such as the Sotk gold mine. Additionally, other precious metals like silver are found and extracted in smaller quantities. Armenia’s gold mining sector has been growing, with several international companies involved in exploration and production.
Various building materials are mined there, including limestone, tuff, and basalt, which are used extensively in construction and infrastructure. Tuff, in particular, is notable for its use in traditional Armenian architecture and construction due to its unique properties and availability.
Armenia also has deposits of other minerals, such as lead and zinc, and non-metallic minerals like perlite and diatomite, which are mined for various industrial uses.
Industry:
The food industry is one of the main sectors in Armenia. It includes the production of various food products, beverages, and processed foods, including wine, brandy, dairy products, meat, and preserved fruits and vegetables. Armenia is particularly known for its high-quality wine and brandy, which are significant export products.
The pharmaceutical industry in Armenia is also developing, involved in the production of medicines, medical devices, and health-related products. This sector has been growing with increased investment and modernization efforts.
Armenia’s mining industry includes significant copper and molybdenum extraction, with major operations like the Zangezur Copper-Molybdenum Combine. This industry is a critical part of the economy, contributing substantially to export revenues.
The textiles and clothing industry is developing as well, with activities including the production of clothing, textile goods, and footwear. This sector is gradually expanding, supported by investment and the establishment of new manufacturing facilities.
The energy industry in Armenia encompasses electricity generation and heating. While Armenia has made strides in renewable energy, particularly hydropower, most of its electricity is still generated from a combination of sources including nuclear power (from the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant) and thermal power plants. Hydropower remains the largest renewable source of electricity in the country, and there are ongoing efforts to increase the share of renewables in the energy mix.
Services and other sectors of the economy: tourism
Natural and historical attractions: the medieval monasteries of Geghard, Khor Virap, and Haghpat, the Azat valley, Lake Sevan, and the cities of Sisian and Dilijan.
Armenia has a rich history and many ancient monuments. Among the most famous are the Cathedral of St. Echmiadzin (often considered the oldest cathedral in the world), the monasteries of Tatev and Geghard, and the ancient temple of Garni. The historical city of Gyumri, known for its 19th-century architecture and cultural heritage, is also notable.
The country is known for its mountain landscapes, lakes, and nature reserves. Lake Sevan, one of the largest high-altitude freshwater lakes in the world, is a popular summer vacation spot, offering activities such as swimming, boating, and fishing. The Armenian Highlands and the Lesser Caucasus Mountains offer beautiful views and opportunities for hiking and eco-tourism.
Various cultural and folklore festivals are held throughout the year, celebrating traditional Armenian dance, music, and customs. Notable festivals include the Yerevan Wine Days, the Vardavar water festival, and the Dolma Festival.
Armenia has a rich tradition of winemaking, dating back thousands of years, and its wine industry is experiencing a revival, with many wineries offering tours and tastings. Traditional Armenian cuisine is popular for its delicious dishes such as dolma (stuffed grape leaves), khorovats (Armenian barbecue), lavash (traditional flatbread), and many more.
There are numerous spas and wellness centers that offer relaxation and healing treatments, often utilizing Armenia’s natural mineral springs. The Jermuk spa town is particularly famous for its therapeutic waters and health resorts.
Form of government: semi-presidential republic
Armenia is a parliamentary republic. The president is the head of state but has limited executive powers. The primary executive authority is vested in the prime minister, who is the head of government. The president is elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term and plays a largely ceremonial role, with some influence over foreign policy and national security.
The parliament is called the National Assembly (Azgayin Zhoghov). It is unicameral, not bicameral, and consists of members elected for a five-year term through a proportional representation system. The National Assembly is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the executive branch.
The judicial system in Armenia is independent and includes various judicial bodies, such as the Constitutional Court, the Court of Cassation (which is the highest appellate court), and lower courts. The courts are responsible for administering justice, interpreting the law, and protecting the rights of citizens.
Armenia has a system of local self-government that allows regional and local authorities to manage affairs within their territories. Local governments are elected and have authority over local issues, such as education, public services, and municipal infrastructure.
Capital city: Yerevan
Yerevan, the capital and largest city of Armenia, is located in the central-western part of the country, approximately 20 kilometers from the Turkish border and much further from Lake Sevan. The history of Yerevan dates back to the Bronze Age, and the city was founded in 782 BCE by King Argishti I as the fortress of Erebuni. Throughout its history, Yerevan has been ruled by various empires and powers, including the Urartians, Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Seljuks, Mongols, Safavids, Ottomans, and Russians.
Republic Square, the central square of Yerevan, is known for its impressive architecture, dancing fountains, and government buildings. It serves as a major gathering place for events and celebrations. The Cascade Complex is a giant stairway made of limestone with fountains, sculptures, and modern art installations, offering panoramic views of the city and Mount Ararat. The Matenadaran, or the Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, houses a vast collection of ancient Armenian manuscripts and books.
Tsitsernakaberd, the Armenian Genocide Memorial and Museum, is dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. The Yerevan Opera Theatre, a major cultural venue, hosts opera and ballet performances and is located in the heart of the city. The Blue Mosque, an 18th-century Shia mosque, reflects the Persian influence on Yerevan’s architecture.
Erebuni Fortress, the ancient Urartian fortress, marks the founding of Yerevan and has an adjacent museum displaying artifacts from the site. Vernissage Market is an open-air market offering a wide range of traditional Armenian crafts, artworks, and souvenirs. The History Museum of Armenia, located in Republic Square, showcases Armenia’s rich history from prehistoric times to the present day.
The city has a population of about 1 098 000.
Area: 29 743 km2 (11 484 square miles)
Population: 2 780 000 (2022 estimate)
The majority of the inhabitants of Armenia are ethnic Armenians, making up approximately 98% of the population. The rest of the population is comprised of minorities, including Yazidis, Russians, Assyrians, Kurds, Ukrainians, and others. Armenia was the first state in history to adopt Christianity as the state religion in 301 CE, and Christianity, specifically the Armenian Apostolic Church, remains the main religion in the country.
The official language is Armenian, which has its own unique script called the Armenian alphabet. Russian was widely used as a second language during the Soviet era, but its influence has diminished since Armenia gained independence in 1991. However, Russian is still spoken by many, and English has been gaining popularity, especially among the younger generation.
Armenia has a good level of education and numerous higher education institutions, including Yerevan State University, the American University of Armenia, and many others. Education is highly valued in Armenian society, and the literacy rate is very high.
The country has a healthcare system that provides basic healthcare services to the population. Healthcare is financed through the state budget and also through private health insurance. While Armenia has made improvements in its healthcare system, challenges remain, particularly in terms of access to quality care in rural areas and the need for modernization of medical facilities.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites: 3
- Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin (1996) – These monasteries are outstanding examples of the development of medieval Armenian architecture, which was influenced by the Byzantine architectural tradition.
- Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots (2000) – These sites illustrate the evolution and development of the Armenian central-domed cross-hall type of church from the 4th to the 7th century.
- Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley (2000) – The Geghard Monastery is partially carved out of the adjacent mountain and is surrounded by cliffs. The site includes numerous churches and tombs, most of them cut into the rock, which represent the peak of Armenian medieval architecture.
National parks: 4
- Dilijan National Park
- Arevik National Park
- Sevan National Park
- Lake Arpi National Park