SRI LANKA
Date of establishment: February 4, 1948
Brief history:
Ancient History: Sri Lanka’s history dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of human settlements as early as 125,000 years ago. The first recorded kingdoms were established around the 6th century BCE, when Indo-Aryan migrants from North India arrived. These early settlements grew into a rich and diverse culture. One of the important historical artifacts is the Sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha, which is believed to have been brought to Sri Lanka in the 4th century CE and is enshrined in the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy.
Kingdom of Anuradhapura: The Kingdom of Anuradhapura, established in the 4th century BCE, became a major center of Buddhism and a prosperous state. It is renowned for its well-planned cities, sophisticated irrigation systems, and monumental architecture, including stupas and monasteries.
Kingdom of Polonnaruwa: After the fall of Anuradhapura in the late 10th century due to South Indian invasions, the capital moved to Polonnaruwa in the 11th century. The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa continued the development of sophisticated irrigation works and monumental buildings. It is known for its impressive statues and ruins, including the Gal Vihara.
Arrival of Europeans: In the 16th century, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Sri Lanka, establishing control over coastal areas. They were followed by the Dutch in the 17th century, who took over Portuguese territories. The British arrived in the late 18th century and gradually gained control, consolidating their rule over the entire island by 1815 after the Kandyan Convention.
Independence: Sri Lanka, then known as Ceylon, gained independence from Britain on 4 February 1948. The country retained the name Ceylon until 1972, when it became a republic and adopted the name Sri Lanka.
Political Changes: Post-independence, Sri Lanka underwent significant political changes, including the establishment of a republican constitution in 1972 and the adoption of a new constitution in 1978, which created an executive presidency.
Civil War: Sri Lanka experienced a protracted civil war from 1983 to 2009, fought between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a separatist militant organization seeking an independent Tamil state in the north and east of the island. The conflict caused significant loss of life and displacement before it ended with the defeat of the LTTE in May 2009.
International abbreviation: LK
Currency: Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
The Sri Lankan rupee (LKR) is divided into 100 cents. The currency has the symbol “₨” and is often abbreviated as “LKR”. The Sri Lankan rupee is the only official currency used in Sri Lanka for all transactions.
Coins are issued in denominations of 25 and 50 cents, and 1, 2, 5, and 10 rupees. Banknotes are issued in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 rupees. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka is responsible for issuing and regulating the currency.
Internet domain: lk
Dialing code: +94
Time zone: +5:30 GMT
Geography:
Sri Lanka lies to the south of the Indian subcontinent and is separated from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean on all sides, with the Bay of Bengal to the northeast.
The island features a varied relief with a diverse topography. The central part of the island is dominated by mountainous regions, with the highest peak being Pidurutalagala. The central highlands gradually descend into lowlands toward the northern, eastern, and southern parts of the island.
Sri Lanka boasts a beautiful coastline with many beaches, bays, and coral reefs. The coastal areas are characterized by sandy beaches, lagoons, and estuaries, making them popular tourist destinations.
The largest rivers in Sri Lanka are the Mahaweli, which is the longest and most significant, the Kelani, and the Walawe. These rivers play a crucial role in the island’s agriculture, hydropower generation, and water supply. The Mahaweli River, in particular, is central to the Mahaweli Development project, the largest multipurpose national development project in the country.
Highest peak: Pidurutalagala 2 525 m (8 284 feet)
This peak is located in the central part of the island, near the town of Nuwara Eliya, and forms part of the mountain massif called the Central Highlands.
Climate:
Sri Lanka experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons influenced by two monsoon periods.
The southwest monsoon, known as the “Yala” season, lasts from May to September. During this period, the southwest coast and central highlands receive heavy rainfall, which can cause flooding. Average temperatures during this season range from 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F) in the lowlands and from 15°C to 20°C (59°F to 68°F) in the highlands.
The northeast monsoon, known as the “Maha” season, lasts from October to January. The northeast coast and eastern parts of the island receive significant rainfall during this period. Average temperatures during this season range from 22°C to 28°C (72°F to 82°F) in the lowlands and from 14°C to 18°C (57°F to 64°F) in the highlands.
The dry season on the northeast coast typically lasts from May to September. During this period, there is lower humidity and minimal rainfall, making it the driest time of the year. Average temperatures range from 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F).
The inter-monsoon periods, which occur from March to April and from October to November, are characterized by variable weather patterns with occasional thunderstorms and less predictable rainfall. During the inter-monsoon periods, the island experiences hot and humid conditions, with average temperatures ranging from 26°C to 32°C (79°F to 90°F) in the lowlands and from 18°C to 24°C (64°F to 75°F) in the highlands.
Overall, the coastal regions tend to be warmer, while the central highlands are cooler due to the higher elevation.
Fauna and flora:
Sri Lanka is renowned for its rich biodiversity and is home to a variety of unique flora and fauna.
The country is famous for its population of Sri Lankan elephants, a subspecies of the Asian elephant. Elephants are protected and hold an important place in Sri Lankan culture and traditions, often featured in religious and cultural festivals such as the Esala Perahera in Kandy.
Sri Lanka is home to the Sri Lankan leopard, a distinct subspecies known as the Ceylon leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya). This apex predator is found in several national parks, including Yala and Wilpattu.
Several species of crocodiles inhabit Sri Lanka, including the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and the mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris).
Different species of mongoose, such as the Indian grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) and the ruddy mongoose (Herpestes smithii), can be found across the island.
Sri Lanka boasts extensive tropical rainforests, which are home to many plant species, including tall trees, epiphytes, and ferns. The Sinharaja Forest Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a prime example of these rainforests, featuring a high level of biodiversity and many endemic species.
The island is known for its endemic plants and animals, species found only in Sri Lanka. These include the Ceylon ironwood (Mesua ferrea) and the Horton Plains slender loris (Loris tardigradus nycticeboides).
Lotus flowers (Nelumbo nucifera) are an important part of Sri Lankan culture and are often associated with Buddhism, symbolizing purity and enlightenment.
Coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) are abundant along the coast, and coconut products, such as coconut milk and oil, play a significant role in the local cuisine and economy.
Agriculture:
Rice is the most important crop in Sri Lanka and forms the staple food for most of the population. The country has a long history of rice cultivation, with sophisticated irrigation systems supporting its production.
Sri Lanka is one of the world’s leading exporters of tea, known for its high-quality Ceylon tea. Tea plantations are primarily located in the central highlands, where the climate is ideal for growing tea.
Other important crops include coconuts, black pepper, cinnamon, rubber, and a variety of tropical fruits such as pineapples, bananas, mangoes, and papayas. Sri Lanka is also known for growing cocoa and vanilla, though these are less dominant compared to other crops.
Cinnamon, in particular, has a significant historical and economic value, as Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) is one of the largest producers and exporters of true cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum).
Coconut palms are widespread along the coast and throughout the country. Coconut products such as coconut oil, coconut milk, coconut sugar, and coconut flour play a significant role in both the local cuisine and industry. Additionally, coir, a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconuts, is an important export product used in various industries.
Spices, including black pepper and cinnamon, are crucial export commodities for Sri Lanka, contributing significantly to the economy. The spice industry benefits from the country’s diverse climate and fertile soil.
Sri Lanka also produces rubber, with rubber plantations concentrated in the southwestern part of the country. Rubber is another key agricultural export, supporting the local economy and industry.
Extraction of natural resources:
Sri Lanka is known as the “Gem Island” and has a long history of gem mining, dating back over 2,000 years. The country is particularly famous for its high-quality sapphires, especially the blue and pink sapphires. Other notable gemstones mined in Sri Lanka include rubies, cat’s eyes (chrysoberyl), alexandrites, and a variety of garnets. The Ratnapura district is the most famous gem mining region, often referred to as the “City of Gems.”
Sri Lanka is also one of the world’s leading producers of graphite. Graphite mining occurs primarily in the Bogala, Kahatagaha, and Ragedara areas. The graphite extracted is of very high quality and is used in various industrial applications, including the production of lithium-ion batteries, lubricants, and refractory materials.
Ilmenite, a titanium-containing mineral, is mined along the coastal areas, particularly in the Pulmoddai region. Ilmenite is a significant source of titanium dioxide, used in the production of titanium alloys, pigments, and other industrial applications.
Although Sri Lanka does not have large timber reserves, selective logging is carried out in some forest areas. Sustainable management practices are employed to harvest timber and wood products, including valuable hardwoods such as teak and mahogany.
Salt extraction is conducted in several coastal salt pans, especially in the Puttalam and Hambantota districts. The Jaffna Peninsula is also known for its salt marshes, where salt is harvested using traditional methods.
In addition to these resources, Sri Lanka has deposits of mineral sands, including rutile and zircon, which are also mined and exported. These minerals are used in various industrial processes, including the manufacture of ceramics and refractories.
Industry:
The textile and clothing industry is one of the largest and most significant sectors of Sri Lankan industry. The country produces a wide variety of textile products, including garments, fabrics, and textile accessories. Sri Lanka is known for its high-quality apparel manufacturing, supplying major global brands and retailers. The industry benefits from skilled labor, a focus on ethical manufacturing, and sustainable practices.
The food processing industry is diverse and includes the processing of rice, tea, spices, sugar, and seafood. Sri Lanka is a major exporter of tea, particularly Ceylon tea, which is renowned worldwide. The country also produces a variety of coconut products, such as coconut oil, coconut milk, coconut sugar, and desiccated coconut, which are important both for domestic consumption and export.
Sri Lanka has a growing engineering sector, which includes the production of machinery, equipment, and metal products. The electronics and electronic component manufacturing industries are also developing, with a focus on producing high-quality components for various applications.
The woodworking industry in Sri Lanka includes the production of furniture, wooden handicrafts, and other wooden products for both domestic use and export. The industry often uses sustainable practices and local hardwoods like teak and mahogany.
The mining and processing of precious stones, especially gems, hold significant cultural and economic importance in Sri Lanka. The country is known as the “Gem Island” and produces a variety of precious stones, including sapphires, rubies, cat’s eyes (chrysoberyl), and garnets. Ratnapura, often called the “City of Gems,” is the center of the gem trade in Sri Lanka.
In addition to these industries, Sri Lanka has a small but growing sector in information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO), contributing to the service industry and providing employment opportunities in the technology sector.
Services and other sectors of the economy: tourism
Natural and historical attractions:
Sri Lanka boasts beautiful tropical beaches along its coast, particularly in the southwest, south, and east of the country. Beaches such as Unawatuna, Mirissa, Bentota, and Arugam Bay are popular with tourists and offer opportunities for relaxation, surfing, snorkeling, and diving.
The island has a rich cultural and historical heritage. Tourists can visit ancient cities like Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, and Sigiriya, which are associated with Buddhism and feature impressive archaeological sites. Anuradhapura is known for its well-preserved ruins of an ancient Sri Lankan civilization, Polonnaruwa for its ancient temples and statues, and Sigiriya for its iconic rock fortress and frescoes.
Sri Lanka is home to numerous national parks and protected areas that preserve rare species of plants and animals, including elephants, leopards, crocodiles, and a variety of birds. Popular safari destinations include Yala National Park, known for its high density of leopards; Udawalawe National Park, renowned for its large elephant population; and Horton Plains National Park, famous for its scenic landscapes and endemic wildlife.
The country is also famous for its traditional Ayurvedic medicine and wellness practices. Many tourists visit Sri Lanka for treatment and relaxation in Ayurvedic resorts and spas, which offer a range of therapies based on ancient healing traditions.
Additionally, the scenic Hill Country region, with its tea plantations and picturesque landscapes, is a major attraction. The town of Ella offers stunning views, waterfalls, and hiking opportunities, while the city of Kandy, home to the Temple of the Tooth, is a significant cultural and religious site.
Form of government: semi-presidential republic
Sri Lanka is a democratic republic with a semi-presidential system of government. The president, who is directly elected for a five-year term, has broad powers and represents the country both nationally and internationally. The president appoints the prime minister, who heads the cabinet and is responsible for the administration of the government. The government is composed of ministers who oversee individual ministries and departments.
Legislative power is vested in a unicameral parliament. The Sri Lankan Parliament is composed of members elected by direct vote. Members of parliament serve five-year terms and are responsible for enacting laws, approving the budget, and providing oversight of the executive branch.
The judicial system in Sri Lanka is independent and consists of several tiers. The highest court is the Supreme Court, which has jurisdiction over constitutional matters, fundamental rights, and final appeals. Below the Supreme Court is the Court of Appeal, which handles appeals from lower courts. The High Courts handle serious criminal and civil cases, while Magistrate’s Courts and District Courts deal with less severe matters.
Capital city: Colombo
Colombo is located on the west coast of Sri Lanka, along the coast of the Indian Ocean. It is the economic, cultural, and political center of the country, serving as the commercial capital and the largest city in Sri Lanka.
Colombo has a rich history dating back to ancient times when it was a key port city for traders and conquerors from different parts of the world. The city has been influenced by various cultures, including the Portuguese, Dutch, and British during their respective colonial eras, which have left a lasting impact on its architecture and culture.
Key sights in Colombo include Galle Face Green, a popular ocean-side urban park that offers stunning views of the sunset and is a favorite spot for both locals and tourists. The Colombo Fort area is the historical and business district of Colombo, featuring colonial-era buildings and the iconic Clock Tower. Pettah Market is a bustling bazaar where visitors can experience the vibrant atmosphere and shop for a variety of goods, from textiles to electronics. Gangaramaya Temple is one of the most important Buddhist temples in Colombo, known for its eclectic mix of Sri Lankan, Thai, Indian, and Chinese architecture. Viharamahadevi Park is the largest and oldest park in Colombo, located near the National Museum and featuring beautiful gardens and a giant Buddha statue. The National Museum of Colombo is the largest museum in Sri Lanka, housing a vast collection of artifacts that showcase the country’s history and cultural heritage. Beira Lake is a scenic lake in the heart of the city, surrounded by walking paths and the Seema Malaka Temple, which is situated on the lake. Independence Memorial Hall is a national monument built to commemorate Sri Lanka’s independence from British rule, located in Independence Square. Colombo Lotus Tower is a recently constructed telecommunications tower and observation deck, offering panoramic views of the city.
The city has a population of about 753 000.
Area: 65 610 km2 (25 332 square miles)
Population: 21 832 000 (2022 estimate)
Sri Lanka is an ethnically and religiously diverse country, home to various ethnic groups and religious communities. The Sinhalese are the majority ethnic group, comprising about 74% of the population. Tamils are the second largest ethnic group, making up around 15%, with distinct communities of Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils. Muslims, primarily consisting of Sri Lankan Moors, make up around 9% of the population. The Burghers are a smaller ethnic group, who are descendants of Portuguese, Dutch, and other European colonists.
The official languages of Sri Lanka are Sinhala and Tamil. Sinhala is the most widely spoken language and is used in public administration, education, and the media. Tamil is also widely spoken, especially in the northern and eastern parts of the country, where Tamil communities are concentrated.
The country is known for its religious diversity. Buddhism is the largest religion, with approximately 70% of the population adhering to this faith, primarily among the Sinhalese. Hinduism is practiced by about 12.6% of the population, mainly among the Tamil community. Islam is practiced by about 9.7% of the population, predominantly among the Muslim communities. Christianity, mainly represented by Roman Catholicism, constitutes about 7.4% of the population, with smaller numbers of Protestant Christians.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites: 8
- Ancient City of Polonnaruwa (1982) – The historic city of Polonnaruwa was the second capital of Sri Lanka after Anuradhapura and contains many important archaeological sites.
- Ancient City of Sigiriya (1982) – A famous rock fortress with royal palaces and gardens built in the 5th century by King Kasyapa.
- Sacred City of Anuradhapura (1982) – Anuradhapura was the first capital of Sri Lanka and is full of sacred Buddhist buildings and artifacts.
- Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications (1988) – A historic town with well-preserved city walls that combine European and Asian architecture.
- Sacred City of Kandy (1988) – Kandy is famous for its sacred Temple of the Tooth Relic (Sri Dalada Maligawa) and is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site.
- Sinharaja Forest Reserve (1988) – The reserve is one of the last remaining tropical rainforests in Sri Lanka and is home to many species of endemic plants and animals.
- Golden Temple of Dambulla (1991) – Dambulla is famous for its cave paintings and statues of Buddha.
- Central Highlands of Sri Lanka (2010) – This region includes the Horton Plains National Park, Knuckles Conservation Forest, and the Peak Wilderness Protected Area, characterized by its breathtaking landscape, mountain villages, and biodiversity.
National parks: 29
- Adam’s Bridge National Park
- Angammedilla National Park
- Bundala National Park
- Chundikkulam National Park
- Delft National Park
- Flood Plains National Park
- Gal Oya National Park
- Galway’s Land National Park
- Hikkaduwa National Park
- Horagolla National Park
- Horowpathana National Park
- Horton Plains National Park
- Kaudulla National Park
- Kumana National Park
- Lahugala Kitulana National Park
- Lunugamvehera National Park
- Madhu Road National Park
- Maduru Oya National Park
- Minneriya National Park
- Pigeon Island National Park
- Somawathiya National Park
- Udawalawe National Park
- Ussangoda National Park
- Wasgamuwa National Park
- Wilpattu National Park
- Yala National Park
- Galways Land National Park
- Kumana National Park
- Mullaitivu National Park