SAMOA
Date of establishment: January 1, 1962
Brief history:
Ancient History: The settlement of Samoa is believed to have begun around 1000 BCE. Polynesian seafarers, likely originating from Southeast Asia, arrived on the islands and established traditional societies with complex social and cultural systems. These early settlers are part of the broader Lapita culture, which spread across the Pacific and laid the foundations for Polynesian civilizations.
Contact with Europeans: The first European contact with Samoa occurred in the early 18th century. In 1722, Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to sight the islands. In 1768, French navigator Louis-Antoine de Bougainville visited the islands, naming them the Navigator Islands due to the sailing prowess of the Samoan people. During the 19th century, increased contact with European traders and missionaries led to tensions and clashes as foreign powers sought to assert influence.
Colonization: In the 19th century, Samoa became the focus of interest for several colonial powers, including Germany, the United States, and Great Britain. Samoa’s strategic location in the Pacific made it attractive for these powers. Tensions between the competing foreign interests and local Samoan factions led to the Samoan Civil Wars (1886–1894), which further complicated Samoa’s political situation.
Partition of Samoa (1899): The Tripartite Convention of 1899 divided the Samoan archipelago between Germany and the United States, while Britain withdrew its claims in exchange for other territories. Western Samoa (modern-day Samoa) was placed under German control, and Eastern Samoa became a United States territory, now known as American Samoa.
German and New Zealand rule: Germany ruled Western Samoa from 1900 until World War I. In 1914, New Zealand forces occupied German Samoa following the outbreak of the war. After the war, the League of Nations granted New Zealand a mandate to govern Western Samoa, which continued until Samoa’s independence.
Independence of Samoa (1962): Western Samoa (now simply Samoa) became the first Pacific Island nation to gain independence. This occurred on 1 January 1962 under the Western Samoa Act, following a non-violent campaign for self-governance. Maliatoa Tanumafili II became one of Samoa’s heads of state. Samoa’s independence marked a significant step in the decolonization of the Pacific region.
American Samoa: The eastern part of the archipelago remained under U.S. administration as American Samoa, and it remains an unincorporated territory of the United States today. The people of American Samoa are U.S. nationals but not full U.S. citizens unless they go through the naturalization process.
Modern History: After independence, Samoa adopted a Westminster-style parliamentary system. In 1997, Western Samoa officially changed its name to Samoa. Samoa has become a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth, and other international organizations. The country has maintained a blend of modern governance with traditional social structures, including the important role of matai (chiefs) in political life.
International abbreviation: WS
Currency: Samoan tala (WST)
The Samoan tala (currency code: WST) is the official currency of Samoa, and it is subdivided into 100 sene. The tala has been the national currency since its introduction in 1967, replacing the New Zealand pound.
The tala is the only official currency in Samoa, and while the US dollar is occasionally accepted in some tourist areas, it is not widely used outside of those zones. Tourists are advised to exchange money to the local tala for most transactions.
In terms of denominations, Samoan coins are available in values of 10, 20, and 50 sene, and 1 and 2 tala. Banknotes come in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 tala.
Internet domain: .ws
Dialing code: +685
Time zone: GMT +13
Geography:
Samoa is located in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, in an area known as Polynesia, which is one of the major subregions of the Pacific. It is part of the broader Pacific Islands region and lies about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand.
Samoa consists of two main islands, Upolu and Savai’i, along with several smaller islands. Upolu is not the largest island but is the most populous and is home to the capital, Apia, which is located on the northern coast of Upolu. Savai’i is the largest island in Samoa and lies to the west of Upolu. It is less developed and more rural, with much of its population living in villages scattered across the island.
The Samoan islands are of volcanic origin, which gives the country its dramatic topography. Both islands feature mountains and volcanic peaks, including Mt. Silisili on Savai’i, the highest point in Samoa. The volcanic landscape contributes to the creation of rainforests, waterfalls, lava fields, and white sandy beaches, making Samoa’s natural scenery diverse and striking.
Samoa lies in a tectonically active region, which makes it prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. The region is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone known for frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The 2009 Samoa earthquake and subsequent tsunami had a devastating impact on parts of the country, highlighting the risk posed by these natural disasters.
Highest peak: Silisili 1 858 m a.s.l. (6 096 feet above sea level)
It is a volcanic peak located on Savai’i Island.
Climate:
The rainy season in Samoa typically lasts from November to April, during which time the islands experience higher rainfall and increased humidity. This period is also known as the cyclone season, when the risk of tropical storms and cyclones is higher.
The dry season lasts from May to October, with less frequent rainfall and more stable weather. During this period, temperatures are slightly lower, but they remain consistently warm throughout the year. Average daytime temperatures range from 24°C to 30°C (75°F to 86°F) during both seasons.
Humidity is generally high year-round, giving the islands a humid tropical climate. Even in the dry season, the atmosphere retains a significant level of moisture, contributing to the lush landscapes and frequent tropical showers.
The surrounding ocean temperatures remain warm and pleasant for swimming, diving, and other marine activities. Sea temperatures typically range from 26°C to 29°C (79°F to 84°F) throughout the year, making the coastal waters inviting for visitors year-round.
Fauna and flora:
Samoa is home to many species of birds, including pigeons, doves, and kingfishers, as well as the manumea (the tooth-billed pigeon), which is endemic and critically endangered. Other endemic bird species include the Samoan whistler and Samoan fantail.
The underwater life around the islands is rich and diverse, featuring a variety of coral reefs, fish, and marine invertebrates. The coral reefs are home to numerous species of tropical fish, starfish, and sea urchins.
Samoa is also home to a variety of invertebrates, including butterflies, spiders, and earthworms, as well as numerous species of terrestrial crabs. The islands are ecologically diverse, with many ecosystems supporting these smaller creatures.
Sea turtles, particularly the green sea turtle and the hawksbill turtle, are found in the waters around Samoa. These turtles use the beaches of Samoa for nesting and are often spotted by locals and visitors.
In the Pacific waters surrounding Samoa, you can often spot dolphins and, during migration seasons, humpback whales passing through the region. These whales visit Samoan waters from July to October for breeding.
The islands are rich in tropical plants and flowers, including hibiscus, plumeria (frangipani), and orchids. These flowers are frequently used in leis (traditional garlands) and as decorations, reflecting their cultural and aesthetic importance. Samoa’s rainforests also host a wide range of plant species, including banyan trees, pandanus, and various types of palms.
Agriculture:
Taro is one of the main crops in Samoa and is a staple food in the Samoan diet. However, unlike in Hawaii, where poi is made from taro, in Samoa, taro is typically prepared in simpler forms, such as boiled or baked, often served with coconut cream. It is central to many traditional meals and feasts.
Bananas are another important crop, and several varieties are grown, including both sweet bananas and plantains. These are used in a variety of traditional dishes, including the famous fa’alifu fa’i (bananas cooked with coconut milk) and as a side dish with other local foods.
Coconuts are essential to Samoan cuisine and agriculture. Coconut milk and coconut oil are used in many dishes, including palusami, which is made from young taro leaves and coconut cream. Coconut by-products, such as copra (dried coconut kernel), are also significant export products for Samoa. The versatile coconut tree provides not only food and oil but also raw materials for building and handicrafts.
In addition to taro and bananas, other important crops grown in Samoa include pineapples, cassava, sweet potatoes, and a variety of other fruits and vegetables. These crops are vital both for local consumption and as part of subsistence farming in rural communities.
Fishing is a key industry in Samoa, with the country’s coastal waters providing a rich supply of fish such as tuna, which is an important export product. Cattle breeding, though less prominent, is practiced on a small scale, mainly for local consumption. Pigs and poultry are also commonly raised in rural areas and play an important role in traditional ceremonies and daily life.
Extraction of natural resources:
The Samoan Islands are not rich in mineral resources, and the mining industry plays a very limited role in the country’s economy..
The islands are of volcanic origin, and as a result, volcanic rocks, such as basalt, are present in some areas. These rocks are sometimes used locally for construction purposes, including building foundations and road materials. However, the extraction of volcanic rock is small-scale and limited primarily to meeting local construction needs, rather than forming a significant export industry or large-scale mining sector.
Industry:
Samoa has forest resources, but the wood processing industry is relatively small and primarily serves the domestic market. Wood is used to make furniture and building materials, but deforestation concerns limit large-scale timber production. The emphasis is on sustainable use of forest resources, with traditional woodworking skills being applied in small-scale operations for local use and tourism.
The textile industry in Samoa is small and focuses mainly on the production of clothing and textile products for the local market. Some businesses specialize in producing traditional Samoan clothing, such as lava-lava (a traditional wrap), and souvenirs for tourists. However, the industry does not play a significant role in exports and remains largely artisanal.
The construction industry plays an essential role in Samoa’s economy, providing construction services, building maintenance, and the development of infrastructure on the islands. The construction sector is driven by both private and government projects, often supported by international aid for infrastructure development, including roads, bridges, and public buildings. Many construction materials, however, are imported due to the limited local production capacity.
Small-scale industries in Samoa also produce traditional handicrafts, such as wooden sculptures, woven baskets, mats, and straw products, which are popular with tourists. These items are typically handcrafted using local materials and are an important part of Samoa’s cultural identity and tourism sector. These traditional products are sold both domestically and to international visitors as souvenirs.
In addition to these sectors, the food processing industry is another small but significant part of Samoa’s economy. Local companies produce items such as coconut oil, copra, and fish products. These are important both for domestic consumption and for export.
Services and other areas of the economy: tourism, and air and maritime transport
Natural and historical attractions: Apia, Fagaloa Bay, Pulemelei Hill, Fuipisia Waterfall, O Le Pupu Pue National Park, Beaches, and Savai’i Island
Samoa is renowned for its stunning natural beauty, including white sand beaches, crystal clear sea waters, and dramatic volcanic landscapes. Tourists are drawn to its diverse natural attractions, which include waterfalls, such as the famous Afu Aau Falls and Papaseea Sliding Rocks, rainforests, and coral reefs that are ideal for snorkeling and diving. The country’s volcanic origins contribute to the rugged terrain of its two main islands, Upolu and Savai’i, with volcanic craters and lava fields, particularly on Savai’i, which has notable features like the Saleaula Lava Fields.
Samoa’s marine life is equally impressive, with a variety of species inhabiting the coral reefs surrounding the islands. These reefs are popular among divers and snorkelers who come to explore the vibrant underwater ecosystems.
The country’s rich culture and history are equally compelling. Tourists can immerse themselves in traditional Samoan life by experiencing fa’a Samoa, the Samoan way of life, which emphasizes family, respect, and community. Visitors can enjoy traditional Samoan dances such as the siva, music, arts, and crafts, which remain integral parts of Samoan culture. Wood carving, tapa cloth making, and woven mats are common artisanal crafts that are still produced using traditional methods.
The annual Teuila Festival, is one of the major cultural celebrations in Samoa, held every September. The festival promotes Samoan culture through performances of traditional dance, music, and fire-knife dancing, as well as displays of Samoan arts and crafts, sports, and cuisine. This festival offers visitors an immersive experience into the Samoan cultural heritage.
In addition to the natural and cultural attractions, Samoa is home to historical sites such as Robert Louis Stevenson’s Museum in Vailima, which celebrates the legacy of the famous Scottish author who spent his final years in Samoa and is buried there.
Form of government: parliamentary republic
The head of state in Samoa, known as the O le Ao o le Malo, is elected by the Parliament (Fono) for a five-year term. Initially, the position was held for life by Malietoa Tanumafili II, one of Samoa’s paramount chiefs, until his death in 2007. Afterward, the system shifted to the current arrangement, where the head of state is elected by the Fono. The role is largely ceremonial, with executive power residing with the prime minister and cabinet.
Samoa’s legal system is based on a blend of customary law (fa’a Samoa) and Western law, derived primarily from British and New Zealand law. Customary law plays an important role, particularly in matters relating to land ownership and village governance, where local chiefs (known as matai) hold significant authority. However, the formal legal system is modeled on Common Law principles and includes courts that operate independently of village governance structures.
The Parliament of Samoa, known as the Fono, is a unicameral legislative body. It consists of 51 members, who are elected by universal suffrage. However, the majority of seats in the Fono are reserved for matai, or titled chiefs, who are chosen through Samoa’s traditional systems of leadership. The prime minister, who is the head of government, is selected by the Fono and is typically the leader of the majority party or coalition.
Samoa has been an independent state since 1 January 1962, when it gained independence from New Zealand, making it the first Pacific Island country to achieve independence. Before that, Samoa was a Trust Territory administered by New Zealand under a mandate from the League of Nations, and later the United Nations. Upon independence, it was known as Western Samoa, but in 1997, the country officially changed its name to the Independent State of Samoa.
Capital city: Apia
Apia, the capital and largest city of Samoa, is located on the northern coast of Upolu Island along the central northern shore of Apia Bay. As the country’s main political, economic, and cultural hub, Apia serves as the gateway to the Samoan Islands. The city plays a vital role in commerce, government, and diplomacy, welcoming international visitors and housing Samoa’s primary government institutions, including Parliament (Fono) and key ministries. Apia is also a bustling center for trade, with a thriving marketplace and businesses, as well as a central port for international shipping and travel.
One of the city’s most notable attractions is the Robert Louis Stevenson Museum, located in nearby Vailima. This was once the home of the famous Scottish author who spent his final years in Samoa. Visitors can explore the house, now a museum, and visit Stevenson’s nearby burial site on Mount Vaea, which offers stunning views of Apia and the surrounding area. In the heart of the city, the Immaculate Conception of Mary Cathedral, rebuilt in 2014, stands as a beautiful piece of architecture, combining Samoan and European design elements, including intricate woodwork and stained glass windows. The Clock Tower in the city center serves as a landmark and memorial to Samoan soldiers who fought in World War I.
Just outside Apia, the Palolo Deep Marine Reserve offers a popular spot for snorkeling and diving, allowing visitors to experience the rich coral reefs and marine life surrounding the islands. The city’s Fugalei Market provides a lively atmosphere where locals and visitors alike can purchase fresh produce, traditional Samoan foods, and handcrafted goods. Apia’s harbor is another vital part of the city’s infrastructure, connecting Samoa with international shipping routes and providing ferry services to the nearby island of Savai’i.
The city has a population of about 40 000.
Area: 2 831 km2 (1 093 square miles)
Population: 222 000 (2022 estimate)
Samoans make up the vast majority of the population of Samoa, comprising about 96% of the inhabitants. The remaining population includes small groups of Euronesians (people of mixed European and Polynesian ancestry) and other Pacific Islanders. Samoan culture is deeply rooted in traditions such as fa’a Samoa (the Samoan way of life), which emphasizes family, respect, and community, and is an integral part of daily life.
The official language of Samoa is Samoan (Gagana Samoa), a Polynesian language that is widely spoken by the population. English is also an official language and is commonly used in business, education, and public administration. Most Samoans are bilingual, speaking both Samoan and English fluently.
Christianity plays a central role in the religious and cultural life of Samoa. The majority of Samoans are Christians, with the largest denomination being the Congregational Christian Church of Samoa (often referred to as the Samoan Christian Church), which was one of the first Christian denominations established in the islands by London Missionary Society missionaries in the 19th century. Other major Christian denominations include the Roman Catholic Church, Methodists, Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and Seventh-day Adventists. Christianity is deeply embedded in Samoan culture, and religious observance is widespread, with Sundays being dedicated to church services and family gatherings.
While the majority of Samoans belong to Christian denominations, there are also smaller religious communities, including Bahá’í, Islamic, and Hindu groups, though these communities represent a very small percentage of the population.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites: –
National parks: 3
- Lake Lanoto’o National Park
- Masamasa-Falelima National Park
- Le Pupu-Puʿe National Park